大野荞种子中的谷草转氨酶同工酶研究

为研究大野荞的遗传变异及其与栽培荞麦的关系,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,以甜荞(Fagopyrumesculetun)和苦荞(F.tataricum)为对照,对大野荞(F.megaspartanium)不同收集系合计24份栽培和野生荞麦种子的谷草转氨酶同工酶进行了研究。结果表明:谷草转氨酶同工酶酶带共8条。不同物种的酶带数为3～6条,甜荞和苦荞分别有3条和4～5条,其特征谱带分别为GOT-2和GOT-1。而大野荞有3～6条,18个大野荞收集系可分为3类:类I,含甜荞特征谱5GOT-2,不含苦荞特征谱5GOT-1,绝大多数大野荞收集系(W1～W8、W10～W13、W15、W17、W18)是这种类型;类Ⅱ,含苦荞特征谱5GOT-1,但不含甜荞特征谱5GOT-2,仅包含原产湖北和湖南的收集系W9和W14;类Ⅲ为既含苦荞特征谱5GOT-1,也含甜荞特征谱5GOT-2,包含的大野荞收集系为原产湖南的W16。试验所用的3个荞麦种类(甜荞、苦荞、大野荞)几乎都含有谱带GOT-4和GOT-5。结果显示,大野荞遗传多样性相对较丰富。     

普通荞麦种内丝裂原活化蛋白激酶序列分析

【目的】比较普通荞麦Fagopyrum esculentum种内丝裂原活化蛋白激酶基因(MAPK)序列的差异,研究MAPK基因序列在普通荞麦栽培进化过程中的变化。【方法】以普通荞麦的9个栽培品种和3个落花落果野生种质为材料,PCR特异性扩增获得MAPK基因的保守片段,对基因片段序列进行差异分析和蛋白结构预测。【结果】荞麦MAPK基因cDNA全长为2 835 bp,开放阅读框1 827 bp,编码609个氨基酸,含有TDY的三肽模块,为植物D组MAPK蛋白。PCR扩增获得12个供试材料的MAPK序列,其单型不变位点为723个,多态位点为70个。9个栽培品种间开放阅读框(ORF)区域无序列差异,3个野生种质间ORF区域也无序列差异。栽培品种与野生品种的ORF区域序列含有8个差异位点,编码3个差异氨基酸。其中,ORF区域第13位点组氨酸(H)→酪氨酸(Y)发生置换,导致1个α-螺旋构象发生变化。【结论】普通荞麦MAPK基因序列高度保守,栽培驯化对ORF区域第13位点差异氨基酸的选择具有高度一致性。     

38–48 kDa subunits of buckwheat 13S globulins are controlled by a single locus

The inheritance of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seed storage proteins was investigated by control crosses between accessions containing different SDS‐PAGE protein patterns in the range of 38–48 kDa. Analysis of segregation of individual F₁ and F₂ seeds obtained by 17 crosses showed segregation of eight electrophoretic bands, from which 12‐banding variants were inferred. Two variants contained one band, nine contained two bands and one variant contained three bands and behaved as a single co‐dominant unit. The segregation of banding variants fits the expected ratios and thus supports the hypothesis of single Mendelian gene inheritance and that alleles are co‐dominant. The results therefore suggest that the genes controlling globulin subunits are tightly linked and inherited as a single locus. The locus was designated Glob‐1 and the twelve segregated protein variants as alleles a‐l. This is the first buckwheat globulin locus identified with multiple alleles, phenotypically expressed as groups of protein bands and thus applicable as a functional marker in buckwheat genomic studies.     

荞麦幼苗根对热胁迫的生理应答

通过测定热驯(37℃)、经热驯再热胁迫(37℃→44℃)和直接热胁迫(44℃)下荞麦(Fagopyrumesculentum Moench)幼苗的根生长量、抗坏血酸(AsA)、丙二醛(MDA)、相对含水量(RWC)和相对电导率的变化,探讨荞麦幼苗根对热胁迫的生理应答。结果表明,荞麦幼苗根的生长量、RWC和AsA含量随胁迫温度的升高而降低,相对电导率和MDA含量随胁迫温度的升高而增加;热驯提高了根部对后继热胁迫的耐性,使根的生长量、RWC和AsA含量高于直接热胁迫幼苗,MDA含量和相对电导率低于直接高温胁迫的。显然,热胁迫对荞麦根的生长造成不利影响,热驯在一定程度提高了根的耐热性。     

2种提取方法测定大野荞植物叶中的黄酮含量

[目的]比较2种方法测定荞麦黄酮含量的效果。[方法]采用水浴提取和超声提取2种方法,用紫外分光光度计测定大野荞叶中总黄酮含量。[结果]测定大野荞植物叶中黄酮含量的最适波长为420 nm,超声提取法和水浴提取法所得大野荞叶中平均总黄酮含量分别为5.26%和5.40%,且水浴提取法所得平均总黄酮含量极显著高于超声提取法。[结论]该研究结果对改进荞麦黄酮含量测定方法具有重要意义。     

Growth and yield of self-compatible and hybrid common buckwheat lines pollinated with and without flies

Common buckwheat is a self-incompatible, insect-pollinated allogamous plant. This study examined growth and yield of the common buckwheat self-compatible and hybrid lines pollinated with and without flies. Self-compatible ‘IH3’, hybrid ‘IP2/IH3’, and standard self-incompatible ‘Kitawasesoba’ were used in field and pot experiments. Self-compatibility of ‘IH3’ was shown to be of high purity. Approximately 10% segregation of pin plants from ‘IP2/IH3’ was observed. The harvest index of ‘Kitawasesoba’ pollinated without flies was considerably lower than that pollinated with flies in both field and pot experiments. The harvest index values of ‘IH3’ and ‘IP2/IH3’ were hardly affected by the presence or absence of flies. The morphological traits of ‘IH3’ were significantly lower than those of the other two genotypes. Large differences in these traits between ‘IP2/IH3’ and ‘Kitawasesoba’ were not observed in either the field or pot experiments. The seed yield of ‘Kitawasesoba’ pollinated without flies tended to be lower than that pollinated with flies. The seed yield of ‘IP2/IH3’ tended to be higher than that of ‘IH3’. The hybrid line ‘IP2/IH3’ showed a high fertilization rate, which was nearly as high as that of ‘IH3’. Rate of fertilization and percentage of ripe seeds were higher in ‘IH3’ and ‘IP2/IH3’, wherein they were hardly affected by the presence or absence of flies, than in ‘Kitawasesoba’. The ‘IP2/IH3’ hybrid line will be useful for understanding the stable high-yielding ability of self-compatibility common buckwheat.     

Effects of buckwheat growth on variation of aluminum and major metals in root‐zone soil solutions

The variation in and relationships between aluminum and other major metals including Ca, Mg, Mn, and K in root‐zone soil solutions were studied by growing buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. cv. Jiangxi), an Al accumulator, in pots filled with an acid soil amended with CaCO₃ and unamended controls with a preinstalled nondestructive soil‐solution sampler. Soil solutions were collected every 7 d with a syringe connected to the sampler. The results showed that pH of the soil solution was not the only factor controlling the concentration of Al. Significant positive linear correlations were found between Al and Ca as well as between Al and Mg in soil solutions from the controls. The ratio of base cations (BC, Ca+Mg) to Al might partly explain the high Al resistance of buckwheat. Oxalate secretion from roots significantly activated Al in acid soils, which may be important for changes of Al in soil solutions, but it also caused decreased concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Mn. It is concluded that the variation of metal concentrations including Al, Ca, Mg, and Mn is a holistic effect involving competition for exchange sites among Ca, Mg, H, and Al, the chelation by oxalate secreted from roots, and metal uptake by buckwheat.     

苦荞VQ基因家族的全基因组鉴定及其在叶斑病原与激素处理下的表达谱分析

[目的]VQ基因家族在植物生长、发育以及对生物或非生物胁迫反应中发挥重要功能.在全基因组尺度上,全面鉴定苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum L.Gaertn.)VQ(FtVQ)基因家族,分析其在苦荞叶斑病原——互格链格孢(Alternaria alternata)和黑孢霉(Nigrospora osmanth...     

金荞麦的化学成分、生理功能及在畜禽养殖中的应用研究进展

金荞麦化学成分复杂,含有黄酮类、萜类、甾体、有机酸等化学成分;具有抗氧化、免疫、抗菌、抗癌等生理功能;粗蛋白含量高,粗纤维含量低,氨基酸种类丰富,有较高的营养价值;金荞麦易繁殖,产量高,是一种适应性强、高产的牧草资源;作为添加剂用于畜禽饲料中有其特殊作用。文章对金荞麦的化学成分、生理功能、营养价值、繁育种植及在畜禽养殖中的应用进行了综述。     

荞麦根的转录组学分析及黄酮合成基因的鉴定

荞麦基因资源相对匮乏。以甜荞根和金荞根为材料,利用Illumina Hi SeqTM2000对其进行转录组测序,经过de novo从头组装得到64 618条Unigene,其中37 546条基因得到了有效注释。对甜荞根和金荞根中的差异基因进行筛选,共获得了4 709个差异基因,其中2 460个上调表达,2 249个下调表达。这些差异基因的GO注释集中在10个细胞组分(cellular component)、12个分子功能(molecular function)和22个生物学过程(biological process)中。对差异基因参与的代谢途径进行富集,上调基因中共有40个代谢途径显著富集,下调基因中共有18个代谢途径显著富集,这些显著富集的代谢途径参与甜荞根和金荞根的生物学调控。最后对转录组中注释到黄酮合成途径中的关键基因进行了分析,共有21个基因注释到黄酮合成途径中的关键酶。不仅丰富了荞麦的基因资源,为荞麦分子生物学研究提供数据基础,也为筛选甜荞根和金荞根中相关基因的表达趋势提供参考依据。