幼龄柠檬果园早结高效栽培技术

1998年以来,从云南德宏州柠檬栽培生产实践及多点试验研究基础上,总结出了幼树柠檬果园早结高效栽培的关键技术,主要包括园地选择、脱毒种苗选择与移栽、幼龄果园土壤管理、合理施肥与保水灌溉、整形修剪、促花保果调控、幼龄果园主要病虫害防治,以达到幼龄柠檬园节本增效、低碳生态栽培、早结高效管理的目的。     

海拉尔东大泡迁徙鸟类资源初步调查

2009年5～10月对海拉尔东大泡迁徙鸟类资源进行了调察,记录鸟类种类和数量,分析鸟类组成及生境。共记录到鸟类7目11科21种。东大泡鸟类无论物种数、个体数量还是多样性指数、均匀度指数都很高。影响这一区域鸟类分布和多样性的最主要因素为水资源分布。     

四川农业大学雅安校区鸟类群落结构分析

2009年11月至2010年11月,采用样线法对四川农业大学(雅安校区)的鸟类群落多样性进行了调查,共记录鸟类67种,隶属11目35科,在群落组成上雀形目鸟类占73.13%,在居留型上留鸟占64.18%。鸟类多样性夏季高于冬季,且在不同生境间变化明显,水体及周边区域相对较高。另外,通过对[树]麻雀(Passer montanus)等10种校园优势种生态位宽度及生态位重叠指数的测算发现,[树]麻雀、白鹡鸰(Motacilla alba)、白鹭(Egrettagarzetta)具有最大的生态位宽度,大山雀(Parus major)、红头[长尾]山雀(Aegithalos concinnus)、白头鹎(Pycnon-otus sinensis)之间生态位重叠最为明显。     

果园鸟害防治

近年来鸟类对果园的危害日益加剧,影响了水果的产量和质量,造成了严重的经济损失。现介绍了果园中害鸟的种类以及为害方式,并根据国内外相关研究较完整地阐述了果园害鸟的防治方法,如声音驱鸟法、视觉驱鸟法、设网保护法等物理防治方法和以氨茴酸甲酯为药剂的化学防治方法,为果农进行害鸟防治提供了综合参考。     

Antibody prevalence of low-pathogenicity avian influenza and evaluation of management practices in Minnesota backyard poultry flocks

Low‐pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses have caused illness in poultry and humans with poultry contact. To determine whether there is evidence of exposure to avian influenza viruses (AIV) among backyard poultry in Minnesota and their human caretakers, 150 flocks of backyard birds were sampled for antibodies to AIV from August 2007 through December 2008. One hundred flocks were tested through routine slaughter surveillance by the Minnesota Board of Animal Health and an additional 50 flocks were contacted and sampled by study investigators. Blood was collected from 10 to 13 birds from each flock and a survey of biosecurity and management practices was administered to the flock owner. Blood samples were tested by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) for influenza A antibodies. Tested flocks had a median flock size of 100 birds (range: 12–800 birds), and were most commonly owned for meat for personal use (81% of respondents), fun or hobby (58%) and eggs for personal use (56%). Although 7% of flock owners reported that their birds had shown respiratory signs in the previous 3 months, only 1 of 150 flocks tested positive for influenza by AGID. Antibodies to LPAI H6N1 were detected in the positive flock. The owner of the positive flock did not have antibodies to H6 or other common AIV. Based on the findings of this study, the risk of transmission of LPAI viruses from backyard poultry to owners in Minnesota appears to be low under current conditions and management practices.     

Association of wild bird density and farm management factors with the prevalence of E. coli O157 in dairy herds in Ohio (2007-2009)

Our objective was to determine the role that European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) play in the epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy cattle. We visited 150 dairy farms in Ohio twice during summer and fall months from 2007 to 2009. Fresh faecal pats from 30 lactating cows were collected during each visit. Information on farm management and environmental variables was gathered through a questionnaire administered to the farm owner. The number of starlings observed on the farm was also recorded. Approximately 1% of dairy cattle and 24% of farms were positive for E. coli O157. Risk factors associated with the presence of E. coli O157 in faecal pats included contact between adult cattle and calves, types or number of ventilation and manure management systems and number of birds per milking cow.     

洋葱高频离体再生体系的建立

 以洋葱（Allium cepa L.）品种‘W465’的幼嫩花序和不同发育时期的幼蕾为外植体材料,研究激素配比对其愈伤组织诱导、再生和生根驯化的影响,以建立洋葱高频离体再生体系。研究结果表明,洋葱幼嫩花序为最佳外植体材料,在含有1.0 mg · L^-1 2,4-D + 1.0 mg · L^-1 6-BA 的B5 培养基上愈伤诱导率为100%,在添加1.0 mg · L^-1 TDZ 的B5 培养基上再生芽分化率为78.13%,在1/2 MS + 0.01 mg · L^-1 NAA 培养基上可诱导生根,驯化移栽成活率达到95%。     

抗菌肽对蛋用仔公鸡生长性能、免疫指标及空肠组织相关细胞因子基因mRNA表达的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平天蚕素抗菌肽对海兰褐蛋用仔公鸡生长性能、免疫器官指数及空肠组织相关前炎性细胞因子基因mRNA相对表达水平的影响.选用336只1日龄健康海兰褐蛋用仔公鸡,随机分为7组,每组4个重复,每个重复12只鸡.7组试鸡分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照组),基础饲粮+150mg/kg金霉素(抗生素组),基础饲粮+150、200、250、300、350mg/kg抗菌肽(抗菌肽Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、V组),试验期为42d.结果表明:1)抗菌肽Ⅲ、Ⅳ、V组平均日采食量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),平均日增重各组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),抗菌肽Ⅳ、V组料重比较对照组显著降低(P＜0.05).2)抗菌肽V组胸腺指数显著高于其他各组(P＜0.05),法氏囊指数较对照组、抗菌肽Ⅰ组显著提高(P＜0.05),抗菌肽Ⅳ、V组之间脾脏指数差异不显著(P＞0.05),与其他各试验组相比,抗菌肽V组脾脏指数显著升高(P＜0.05).3)抗菌肽V组白细胞介素-6基因mRNA相对表达水平较其他各组显著降低(P＜0.05),抗菌肽Ⅲ、Ⅳ、V组干扰素-Υ基因mRNA相对表达水平较对照组显著降低(P＜0.05),抗菌肽Ⅳ、V组肿瘤坏死因子-α基因mRNA相对表达水平较对照组显著降低(P＜0.05).综上所述,饲粮抗菌肽可不同程度提高蛋用仔公鸡生长性能、免疫器官指数,并能有效降低前炎性细胞因子基因的mRNA相对表达水平,以添加350mg/kg抗菌肽效果为最好.     

抗菌肽对蛋用仔公鸡血液免疫指标和肠道菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平天蚕素抗菌肽对海兰褐蛋用仔公鸡血液免疫指标和肠道菌群的影响。选用336只1日龄健康海兰褐蛋用仔公鸡,随机分为7组,每组4个重复,每个重复12只鸡。各组分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照组)、基础饲粮+150 mg/kg金霉素(抗生素组)、基础饲粮+150、200、250、300、350 mg/kg抗菌肽(抗菌肽Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组),试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)抗菌肽Ⅳ、Ⅴ组免疫球蛋白A含量显著高于对照组和抗生素组(P<0.05);各组免疫球蛋白G含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),抗菌肽Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组免疫球蛋白G含量显著高于抗生素组(P<0.05);各组免疫球蛋白M含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)抗菌肽组补体3含量显著高于对照组和抗生素组(P<0.05),各组补体4含量差异不显著(P>0.05),抗生素组、抗菌肽Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组溶菌酶含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)各组大肠杆菌数量与对照组相比均显著降低(P<0.05),而抗菌肽Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组显著低于抗生素组(P<0.05);抗菌肽Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组双歧杆菌数量与对照组相比显著提高(P<0.05);抗菌肽Ⅳ、Ⅴ组乳酸杆菌数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),各抗菌肽组乳酸杆菌数量与抗生素组差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加不同水平抗菌肽可在一定程度上提高蛋用仔公鸡免疫力,增加肠道益生菌双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌的数量,并能够有效降低肠道致病菌大肠杆菌数量,添加量为350 mg/kg时效果较好。     

杉木林改造后的土壤有机质动态研究

利用红锥、火力楠、黎蒴、山杜英和樟树对杉木林进行改造,采用5点取样法对5种改造林分0～20 cm和20 ～40 cm土层的土壤有机质动态进行研究,结果表明,红锥林2个土层的有机质含量呈波动性上升趋势;火力楠林0 ～ 20 cm土层的有机质含量呈升—降—升的变化,20 ～ 40 cm土层的有机质含量缓慢下降又微升;黎蒴林2个土层的有机质含量均呈缓慢上升后下降变化;山杜英林2个土层的有机质含量均呈波动性变化;樟树林0 ～ 20 cm土层的有机质含量升到最大值后逐渐下降,20 ～ 40 cm土层的呈“M”型变化.5个林分的土壤有机质含量在相对应时间段均为0～20 cm土层极显著高于20 ～40 cm土层（P＜0.01）.