低温高湿变温解冻提高羊肉的品质

为了研究低温高湿变温解冻对羊肉品质的影响,该文研究了低温高湿变温解冻工艺(试验组,解冻温度为2℃→6℃→2℃,相对湿度RH>90%)和空气自然解冻工艺(对照组,控温4℃)对羊肉解冻过程中品质变化的影响。分析试验组与对照组羊肉在解冻过程中的色泽、蒸煮损失、解冻汁液流失、汁液蛋白含量、肌肉蛋白表面疏水性以及质构特性等的变化,应用扫描电镜(scanning electron micrograph,SEM)研究不同解冻工艺对肌肉微观结构的影响,结合SDS-PAGE电泳分析不同解冻工艺对肌原纤维蛋白组分变化影响及蛋白的交联、降解效应。结果表明:试验组与对照组相比,羊肉解冻后蒸煮损失率、解冻汁液流失率、汁液中蛋白含量及肌肉蛋白表面疏水性分别降低了3.59%,4.0%,8.98%,97.44(P<0.05),肉色更新鲜,硬度及咀嚼性也高于对照组;SDS-PAGE及SEM观察研究结果表明,不同的解冻方法都会导致解冻过程中肌肉蛋白的交联与降解,但试验组解冻羊肉与对照组相比,肌肉的微观结构遭破坏程度较轻,肌纤维束较对照组完整。与生产中常规使用的空气自然解冻相比,低温高湿变温解冻法能显著降低羊肉解冻过程中的品质劣变,提高解冻羊肉的品质。     

全收粪法与尼龙袋法测定幼羊全混合日粮养分消化率的相关性研究

选用 4只正常幼公羊及 4只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的幼公羊 ,按 4× 4拉丁方设计 ,分别用全收粪法与尼龙袋法测定不同加工处理组合对幼羊全混合日粮 ( TMR)干物质 ( DM)、有机物( OM)、粗蛋白 ( CP)表观消化率及瘤胃 4 8h消失率的影响 ,并分析其相关性。试验结果表明 ,在含玉米秸的 TMR中 ,以尿素精料等氮代替豆饼对日粮 DM,OM,CP的表观消化率及瘤胃消失率均无明显不利影响 ( P>0 .0 5) ;在含尿素精料的 TMR中 ,玉米告的碱化处理使日粮 DM,OM的表观消化率及瘤胃消失率分别提高了 12 .90 % ( P<0 .0 1)后 ,12 .78 ( P<0 .0 1)以及 8.65( P<0 .0 5)和 8.17 ( P<0 .0 5) ,而 CP的表观消化率及瘤胃消失率均无明显改善 ( P>0 .0 5) :对含尿素精料及碱化玉米秸的 TMR进行颗粒化加工 ,并未明显影响日粮 DM,OM,CP的表观消化率及瘤胃消失率 ( P>0 .0 5)。用全收粪法与尼龙袋法测得全混合日粮 DM,OM,CP的表观消化率与瘤胃 4 8小时消失率呈强的正相关 ( P<0 .1)。因而在具备瘤胃瘘管羊时 ,可用尼龙袋法简化 TMR营养价值评定     

波尔山羊与睢宁白山羊杂交羔羊生长性能研究

研究波尔山羊与睢宁白山羊F1 代、F2 代的生长发育情况 ,结果从出生到 3个月不同日龄羔羊的体重体尺均高于纯种睢宁白山羊 ,杂交优势显著 ,F1 代体重的杂种优势率为 18 96 % ,杂种后代生长性能比睢宁白山羊好     

不同硒源对羔羊抗氧化能力、细胞因子及T3、T4的影响

健康滩羊羔羊24头,随机分为3组.对照组(C)饲料中添加玉米淀粉,试验组(T1、T2)饲料中分别添加富硒酵母和亚硒酸钠,试验期60 d.分别于试验期30和60 d测定全血中GSH-Px活性、血浆SOD活性、血浆MDA含量、血浆IL-1、IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α水平以及血浆甲状腺激素T3、T4浓度;试验期60 d时测定组织硒含量.结果发现,在30和60 d时,T1和T2组羔羊组织硒含量、全血GSH-Px活性、血浆SOD活性、血浆IL-1、IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α水平以及血浆T3浓度均显著或极显著高于C组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);血浆MDA含量及T4浓度均显著或极显著低于C组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).在30 d时,T1组羔羊全血GSH-Px活性及组织硒含量均极显著高于T2组(P＜0.01).在60 d时,T1组羔羊全血GSH-Px活性及组织硒含量均极显著高于T2组(P＜0.01);T1组羔羊血浆MDA含量显著低于T2组(P＜0.05).结果表明,有机硒源提高羔羊机体硒状态以及机体抗氧化能力的效果优于无机硒源,但在提高细胞因子水平和血浆T3浓度以及降低血浆T4浓度方面两者差异不显著.     

饲粮中添加不同生物制剂对杜寒杂交肉羊生产性能和屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在比较饲粮添加不同生物制剂对杜寒杂交肉羊生产性能、屠宰性能、组织器官发育及肉品质的影响。采用单因素试验设计,选取平均体重约为32 kg的杜寒杂交F1代肉羊160只,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复8只。对照组采用基础饲粮,试验组分别添加21 mg/kg莫能菌素、4×109CFU/kg地衣芽孢杆菌、3.2×109CFU/kg酿酒酵母菌、1.1 g/kg复合生物制剂(地衣芽孢杆菌≥6×109CFU/g、酿酒酵母菌≥4×109CFU/g、碱性蛋白酶≥1 000 U/g)。预试期10 d,正试期56 d,每2 d记录1次采食量,每20 d进行1次称重,当复合生物制剂组羊只的平均体重达到约50 kg时,每组选取10只羊进行屠宰,测定其屠宰性能、组织器官重量和肉品质指标。结果表明:1)复合生物制剂组平均日增重、屠宰率显著高于对照组(P0.05);地衣芽孢杆菌组和复合生物制剂组料重比显著低于对照组(P0.05)。2)地衣芽孢杆菌组、酿酒酵母菌组、复合生物制剂组复胃重量均显著高于对照组(P0.05),复合生物制剂组复胃重量占宰前活重比例显著高于对照组和莫能菌素组(P0.05);地衣芽孢杆菌组、酿酒酵母菌组、复合生物制剂组小肠重量及其占宰前活重比例均显著高于对照组、莫能菌素组(P0.05)。3)酿酒酵母菌组肾脏重量占宰前活重比例显著高于对照组(P0.05),其他内脏器官重量占宰前活重比例在各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。4)各组肉品质指标差异不显著(P0.05)。综合得出,从作为饲料添加剂对肉羊生产性能作用效果来看,地衣芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母菌、复合生物制剂可以替代莫能菌素,地衣芽孢杆菌好于酿酒酵母菌,复合生物制剂最佳。     

哺乳期藏羊羔羊复胃的发育性变化

为了研究羔羊复胃的发育性变化,试验以0-112日龄哺乳期藏羊羔羊为研究对象,采用大体解剖学方法测定了放牧条件下0、3、7、14、21、28、42、56、72、84、98和112日龄羔羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃、皱胃、前胃、总胃重量及各胃室容积的变化情况。结果表明：藏羊羔羊在0-112日龄的各胃室发育迅速,各胃室增重明显,容积显著增加,尤其瘤胃的增重明显;在藏羊生产实践中,70日龄断奶较适宜,56日龄是可接受的最早断奶日龄。     

泗水裘皮羊羔皮品质的研究

本文系统分析了山东泗不裘皮羊４个年龄组的２４只个体羔皮的主要品质性状。结果证明：山东泗水裘皮羊毛股较长而紧实，弯曲较多且明显，并呈弧度均匀的平波状，花穗美观；羔皮总面积较小，但在花面积所占比例较高，羔皮品质优良，尤其是大毛羔皮品质最好。     

Flight Distance and Avoidance Score in Thoroughbred Foals and Yearlings and the Relationship with Handling Frequency in the Young Ages

Flight and avoidance reactions from human were examined using 168 postweaning Thoroughbred foals in 22 breeding farms. Further 114 yearlings of 168 foals were tested in the following summer. The foal handlings by the stabler were asked in questionnaire. The relationship between the behavioural reactions and the foal handling frequencies was analyzed. The flight reaction was estimated as the distance from the animal to a stranger when the animal began to flight away from his approach. The avoidance scores were set up from (1) (not resistant) to (5) (touch rejection) from human touching. In the stabler questionnaire, handling frequencies of “body brushing”, “rectal temperature measurement”, “hoof cleaning”, and “stall cleaning” in the early nursing period were asked. The handling frequencies were scored from (1) (not done) to (5) (every day). In the preliminary test, a measurement reliability of the flight distance and the avoidance score was confirmed. The mean flight distances were 0.56 m and 0.27 m in the postweaning foals and the yearlings, respectively. Touch-avoidance scores of the highest frequency were (3) and (2) in the postweaning foals and the yearlings, respectively. As the results of Spearman’s rank-correlation analysis, “body brushing” showed highly negative relationships with “flight distance” (ρ=–0.31, P<0.001) and “avoidance score” (ρ=–0.37, P<0.001) in the postweaning foals. In the yearlings, “hoof cleaning” also showed significantly negative relationships with these behavioural indices (ρ=–0.24, P<0.01; ρ=–0.22, P<0.01, respectively).     

Effect of fast freezing then thaw‐aging on meat quality attributes of lamb M. longissimus lumborum

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two different freezing rate then thaw‐aging regimens on the quality attributes of lamb loins. The loins were randomly allocated to one of five different freezing/thawing/aging regimes: fast‐(FF1A0) and slow‐(SF1A0) frozen only; fast‐(FF1A2) and slow‐(SF1A2) frozen then thaw‐aged for 14 days; aged for 14 days never frozen (A2). FF1A2 samples had a significantly higher water‐holding capacity compared to the slow frozen regardless of further aging periods. FF1A2 samples had lower (p < 0.05) shear force values than A2 and higher (p < 0.05) water‐holding capacity compared to the SF1A2. Fast freezing resulted in more intracellular cryo‐damage, whereas slow freezing resulted in extracellular cryo‐damage. FF1A0 and SF1A0 samples had lower (p < 0.05) myofibrillar proteins degradation. This study demonstrated that fast freezing then thaw‐aging can result in an improved water‐holding capacity and tenderness through the minimization of extracellular ice crystal formation, reduction in purge and drip losses, and improved proteolysis in thawed lamb.     

US Sheep Industry and the Public Grazing Fee

Since the mid-1940s US sheep inventory has experienced dramatic declines, which has weakened the sheep industry significantly, making it increasingly important to analyze potential policy implications that could affect US sheep inventories in the future. Public grazing lands are often used in sheep production, especially within the western United States. The public grazing fee is, therefore, a cost within the production of sheep. A US sheep model applying capital stock inventory accounting methodology is developed to model both the supply and demand within the joint sheep and wool industries. The model is used to create a baseline projection for the next several years. Various public grazing fee policies are created to demonstrate the effects of the policies on the levels of sheep inventory and sheep and wool production within the country. Results indicate removing the public grazing fee (set at $0/animal unit month) may slow the rate of decline but would not be effective at reversing the declining trend. This suggests reducing the public grazing fee is not a viable policy option to help bring stability to the sheep and wool industries. However, projections indicate raising the grazing fee would have a substantial adverse effect on the industries. Consideration should be given to these results as grazing fee policy is adjusted moving forward.