日本落叶松林生长调查研究

对山东药乡林场不同立地条件日本落叶松林分的调查研究表明：日本落叶松在本区生长发育良好，在阴坡或半阴坡海拔650～780m的中、下坡生长最好。     

Risk Factors for Lamb Mortality in Sahelian Sheep on a Breeding Station in Ghana

A retrospective cohort study was designed to examine the effect of sex, season of birth, type and year of birth, and birth weight on lamb mortality. The method used involved analysis of breeding records for Sahelian sheep kept on a breeding station at Pong-Tamale in northern Ghana from 1994 to 2000. The pre-weaning and post-weaning mortalities were 10% (n = 505) and 19% (n = 453), respectively, while the overall mortality from birth up to 12 months of age was 28% (n = 505). Compared to the pre-weaning period, the post-weaning period recorded significantly higher proportions of deaths in male, single-born, lambs born in the rainy or dry seasons, and in lambs with low (<3 kg) or high (> or =3 kg) birth weight. The odds and risks of death for male lambs were about one and a half times those for females at post-weaning. Lambs born in the dry season had significantly higher mortality than those born in the rainy season. Lambs that died by the time of weaning were not significantly different in weight at birth from those that survived. The mean birth and weaning weights of single-born lambs were significantly higher than those for twins. The mean pre-weaning ADG was significantly higher in lambs born as singles compared to that for twins. The season of birth had influence on mean birth weight, with those born in the rainy season having significantly higher weights than those born in the dry season. The year of birth significantly affected birth weight, weaning weight, weight at 12 months and ADG at all stages of the lambs' life. The study concluded that the most significant risk factors for lamb mortality included sex of the lamb, season of birth and birth weight. The last two could be manipulated, to some extent, to reduce lamb mortality.     

饲喂代乳料对早期断奶羔羊生长发育的影响

选择36只25日龄的欧拉藏羊与小尾寒羊杂交羔羊,随机分为3组,进行早期断奶试验。2个试验组分别饲喂不同配方的代乳料,对照组自然哺乳。结果表明,(1)30～45日龄,试验组羔羊生长速度低于对照组;45～60日龄,试验组羔羊的日增质量显著高于对照组;60～90日龄,试验组羔羊的日增质量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。在整个试验阶段,试验1组和试验2组的日增质量分别比对照组提高了52.82%和59.52%,差异显著(P<0.05)。(2)试验期内,试验组羔羊主要体尺略高于对照组,差异不显著。(3)试验组羔羊成活率达到95%以上,断奶母羊提前发情10 d左右。(4)试验1,2组羔羊断奶时每只均利润比对照组分别提高41.15%,45.31%,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

Ovarian activity in F1 prepubertal ewe lambs under tropical conditions

Seventy crossbred ewe lambs, born from Pelibuey (PB) dams mated with five sire breeds: White Dorper × PB (WD × PB), Black Head Dorper × PB (BHD × PB), Ile de France × PB (Ile × PB) Katahdin × PB (KT × PB) and Pelibuey (PB × PB), were used to determine age and weight to puberty, follicular populations during prepubertal development, ovulation rate at first ovulation and function of the first corpus luteum (FCL). Ewe lambs were maintained under grazing conditions and were supplemented with 300 g head^− 1 day^− 1 of a concentrate with 14% CP and 3.0 Mcal ME kg^− 1 of DM. From 145 days of age, monthly observations were performed by endoscopy to monitor follicular populations and luteal structures. Ovarian follicles were classified according to size into small (≥ 1 and < 3 mm), medium (≥ 3 and ≤ 4 mm) and large (> 4 mm). Additionally, weekly observations by ultrasonography were performed in four ewes per genotype to assess follicular populations. Luteal function from first ovulation was determined by circulating concentrations of progesterone. Ovulation rate was not affected by genotype (P > 0.05). All breed groups had the same pattern of follicular populations, where most of follicles were small, followed by medium and a small proportion of large follicles. Maximum diameter of follicles was similar for all genotypes during prepubertal development (P > 0.05), with an average range of 3.9 ± 0.20 to 4.4 ± 0.20 mm. The BHD × PB reached puberty at the youngest age of 240.9 ± 13.0 days, compared to all other genotypes (P < 0.05), 259.1 ± 11.7 for WD × PB, 279.3 ± 9.6 for KT × PB and 289.0 ± 15.3 days for PB × PB and 308.6 ± 11.9 days for Ile × PB ewe lambs. Ile × PB had greater weight to first ovulation (31.5 ± 1.19 kg) as compared to other breed groups (P < 0.01). The largest percentage of FCL was for KT × PB ewes (100%) (P < 0.05), followed by BHD × PB (88.9%), PB × PB (83.3), WD × PB (78.6%) and Ile × PB (77.8%). There were no differences in ovulation rate attributable to type of lambing from which ewe lambs came from (P > 0.05). BHD × PB ewe lambs reached puberty at an earlier age than other in this study. KT × PB ewe lambs had the highest percentage of FCL in their first ovulation. Breed of sire Ile de France increased weight to puberty and decreased FCL at first ovulation. In conclusion, the BHD × PB ewe showed puberty at an earlier age than other genotypes, while the KT × PB had the highest percentage of functional corpus luteum in their first ovulation. Ewe lambs coming from single lambings reach puberty at a heavier weight than those coming from multiple lambings. The ovulation rate in the first ovulation of ewe lambs is not affected by genotype and type of lambing.     

不同饲喂水平对肉用绵羊生长性能、屠宰性能及器官指数的影响

本文旨在研究不同饲喂水平对20～35 kg杜寒杂交公羔的生长性能、屠宰性能和器官指数的影响.采用单因素完全随机区组试验设计,将21只平均体重为(19.14±2.37)kg公羔随机分为3组,按照自由采食(AL组)、自由采食量的70％(IR70组)和自由采食量的40％(IR40组)3个水平饲喂,每组7只羊,每只羊为1个重复.当AL组的试验羊体重达到35 kg时进行屠宰试验,测定生长性能、屠宰性能及重要内脏器官的重量和发育情况.试验期66 d.结果表明:不同的饲喂水平对净增重、平均日增重和干物质采食量有显著的影响(P＜0.05),生长性能和部分屠宰指标表现为相同的变化规律,即AL组＞IR70组＞IR40组,3组之间差异显著(P＜0.05);屠宰率、净肉率和胴体净肉率组间无显著性差异(P＞0.05);AL组瘤胃重占复胃总重比例最高,为67.08％,与IR70组差异不显著(P＞0.05);肝脏重占宰前活重比例以AL组最高,显著高于IR70和IR40组(P＜0.05).结果提示,饲喂水平对肉用绵羊生长性能、复胃的重量与发育、主要生理器官的发育具有不同程度的影响;本试验结果与NRC( 2007)肉羊的饲养标准有一定的差距.     

绵羊的母性行为及其研究进展

 绵羊母性行为表达的差异能够影响羔羊的早期生长发育和存活,在分娩和哺乳期表现出低质量母性行为的母羊很难与羔羊建立起紧密的母-子联系,导致较高的羔羊死亡率。论文就绵羊母性行为表达、生理控制、影响行为表达的因素以及生产管理中的母性行为选择问题作一综述,为在生产实践中加强母性行为选育提供借鉴。     

Evaluation of Ewe Performance in 795 Selected Sheep Flocks in South-Eastern Norway

A study of ewe performance was undertaken in 795 sheep flocks based on data from the Norwegian Sheep Recording System. Herd level data included in the annual report for 1998 were used as the basis for the study. Average flock size was 75.3 ewes. The material was considered as representative of the better and more motivated sheep farmers in the mountain valley regions in south-eastern Norway. The average number of lambs born per ewe, inclusive (and exclusive) of barren ewes, was 1.89 (2.02), and of autumn lambs (those surviving from birth in the spring to autumn) 1.60 (1.66). The average autumn weight of the lambs corrected to 145 days of age was 42.4 kg, giving an overall performance of 67.9 kg lambs live weight per ewe. When including artificially reared lambs, overall performance was 70.4 kg per ewe. Artificial rearing of lambs, mostly triplets which had been removed from the ewe, was practised on 395 of the farms. In the 74 flocks with a rate of artificial rearing of more than 10% of all lambs, overall performance per ewe was 13.3 kg higher than in flocks with no artificial rearing. Total lamb mortality from birth to autumn recording, including stillborn lambs, was 12.44%. Mortality had a skewed distribution, some flocks having very high mortality figures. The arithmetic means (and medians) for mortality were as follows: 2.75 (2.29)% stillbirths, 2.93 (2.30)% died during the indoor feeding period, 0.88 (0.00)% at spring pasture, and 6.16 (4.40)% at summer pasture. In regression models using Proc Genmod in SAS^®, it was found that average number of autumn lambs per ewe was negatively associated with the rate of barren ewes, late lambing date (flock average day in year when lambing took place), and total lamb mortality. The corrected autumn weight of the lambs was positively associated with the average number of lambs born per ewe and non-fertility rate, and negatively associated with flock size and total lamb mortality. The Dala breed had a positive effect on number of autumn lambs per ewe, and Spæl breed a negative effect on corrected autumn live weight of the lambs.     

Effects of concentrate or ryegrass-based diets (Lolium multiflorum) on the meat quality of lambs grazing on semi-natural pastures

Abstract

With the objective of studying the effects of production systems on meat quality, 75 Norwegian White Sheep lambs were subjected to one of the following treatments: continuous grazing on a semi-natural lowland pasture until slaughtering (Control); continuous grazing followed by either stall-feeding on concentrate and grass silage or grazing ryegrass pasture for 44 or 24 days before slaughtering (Conc44, Conc24, Rye44, Rye24). Loin samples of M. longissimus dorsi including the subcutaneous fat were analysed for sensory attributes and fatty acid composition. Compared with the control group, a lower intensity of acid taste (P<0.05) and a lower content of C18:3n-6 fatty acids (P<0.001) were observed in the Conc44 group. The n-6/n-3 ratio was higher (P<0.001) in meat tested from the concentrate treatments compared to the ryegrass treatments. These findings indicate that the fattening of lambs on improved pastures or a concentrate-based diet prior to slaughter may alter meat characteristics.     

20～35kg杜泊×小尾寒羊F1代公羔钙、钠、钾和镁生长需要量

本试验旨在探讨20 ～ 35 kg杜泊×小尾寒羊F1代杂交公羔羊钙、钠、钾、镁生长需要量.采用比较屠宰试验,分别在羔羊体重20、28和35kg时屠宰,测定动物体组织器官的钙、钠、钾、镁含量,建立数学模型对体内矿物质含量变化规律及需要量进行预测.结果显示,羔羊在20 ～ 35kg体重阶段,肌肉生长速度较稳定,骨骼生长速度逐渐减慢,而体内脂肪组织在迅速增加;羔羊体内矿物质含量与空腹体重(EBW)具有高度相关性(R2=0.84 ～0.98),钙、钠、钾、镁净生长需要量(NRG)预测公式分别为NRGca=15.26EBW-0.171,NRGNa=1.67EBW-0.085,NRGK=1.94EBW0.023和NRGMg=0.34EBW0.051.由此可计算得出,杜泊×小尾寒羊F1代羔羊在20～35kg阶段,以空腹体增重(EBG)表示,机体钙、钠、钾、镁的NRG分别为8.56 ～9.36 g/kg EBG、1.15 ～ 1.20 g/kg EBG、2.07～2.09 g/kg EBG和0.39 ～ 0.40 g/kg EBG;以体增重(BWG)表示,分别为7.18～8.18 g/kg BWG、0.96 ～ 1.05 g/kg BWG、1.76～1.81 g/kgBWG和0.34 g/kg BWG.     

F17大肠杆菌在湖羊羔羊个体脾脏中LncRNA表达谱变化

【目的】通过筛选对大肠杆菌（E.coli）F17菌毛非腹泻型与腹泻型的绵羊脾脏中差异表达的lncRNA,来探究lncRNA对绵羊抗腹泻的作用。【方法】本研究通过对湖羊羔羊口服E.coli F17菌株获得非腹泻和腹泻型个体,利用羔羊肠道细菌计数、病理组织切片验证攻毒成功性;构建非腹泻组和腹泻组羔羊脾脏的cDNA文库,使用Illumina HiSeq 2500平台进行配对测序;通过Gene Ontology（GO）和KEGG Pathway富集分析对差异表达转录本功能描述和细胞通路分析,利用FPKM法估计lncRNA和mRNA转录物的表达水平,并用高通量测序技术RNA-seq筛选出非腹泻和腹泻个体脾脏中的差异表达lncRNA;然后利用荧光定量PCR技术检测了非腹泻组和腹泻组羔羊脾脏组织中DE lncRNA和DE mRNA的表达水平,来验证筛选的DE lncRNA在非腹泻组过程中发挥作用。【结果】羔羊口服E.coli F17菌株后,出现非腹泻和腹泻两种表型,腹泻组羔羊肠道中的细菌数量显著高于非腹泻组（P<0.05）,同时腹泻组羔羊空肠黏膜组织出现不同程度的损伤,色泽暗沉,小肠绒毛部分脱落。笔者利用RNA-seq在非腹泻和腹泻羔羊脾脏中筛选出34个差异表达的（DE）lncRNA,703个的DE mRNA,随机选择一共12个DE lncRNA和DE mRNA,用q-PCR验证它们在非腹泻型和腹泻型羔羊体内的相对表达水平,发现与RNA-seq结果一致。通过Gene Ontology（GO）和KEGG Pathway富集分析,将DE lncRNA与GO 数据库进行比对的结果表明一共有34条lncRNA被注释和分类到302个功能亚类中,绵羊蛋白质结合（GO：0005515）,细胞核（GO：0005634）,poly（A）RNA结合（GO：0044822）,细胞质（GO：0005737）,组织重塑（GO：0048771）,内肽酶活性的调节（GO：0052548））,6-磷酸果糖-2-激酶/果糖-2,6-双磷酸酶复合物（GO：0043540）,磷脂酰肌醇磷酸化（GO：0046854）,果糖-2,6-二磷酸2-磷酸酶活性（GO：0004331）,钙依赖性磷脂酶C活性（GO：0050429）等10 个功能亚类的lncRNA较多,而其余的功能亚类的lncRNA分布较少。将DE lncRNA与KEGG 通路数据库进行比对的结果表明,一共有34条lncRNA被注释和归类到149个KEGG 通路中,绵羊甲状腺激素信号通路（路径：ko04919）,Spliceosome（路径：ko03040）,白细胞跨内皮迁移（路径：ko04670）,神经营养因子信号通路（路径：ko04722）,溶酶体（路径：ko04142）,MAPK信号通路 - 途径（路径： ko04011）,鞘脂信号通路（路径：ko04071）,吞噬体（路径：ko04145）,氧化磷酸化（路径：ko00190）等9 个KEGG 通路的lncRNA较多,而其余的KEGG 通路的lncRNA分布较少。 通过lncRNA-mRNA相互作用网络分析,发现6个共表达基因：MYO1G、TIMM29、CARM1、ADGRB1、SEPT4、DESI2。【结论】探究了对于腹泻产生非腹泻和腹泻型羔羊脾脏中lncRNA的表达谱,发现了非腹泻和腹泻羔羊脾脏中差异表达的lncRNA,有助于找出羔羊如何抵抗腹泻的发生机制,为羔羊抵抗腹泻提供科学的依据。