N2和O2冷等离子体处理对木材胶合强度的影响

采用N2、O2两种等离子体气体分别处理木材,处理功率为300 W,处理时间为5 min,将处理后的木材采用MUF胶粘合起来,测试了胶合强度,并对冷等离子体处理前后的木材表面能进行了分析。实验结果表明:经N2、O2冷等离子体处理后的木材表面的接触角明显减小,表面自由能明显增大;经冷等离子体处理后的胶合板的平均干状胶合强度和湿状强度均有明显(50%以上)增大。     

美国路易斯安那州铁矿石土壤薄层磐层的表征特性

Placic horizons, defined as thin, wavy, hardened layers of iron and organic matter, are rare within the United States, occurring only in Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii. While ironstone is common in many soils of the southeastern United States, it is not known to contain appreciable organic matter. As a pilot study evaluating the justification for a larger study on ironstone in Louisiana, a 40 m lateral exposure with suspected placic horizons was evaluated in Vernon Parish, Louisiana. Results of laboratory analysis show elevated levels of iron and organic matter in the suspect horizons that meet the criteria of placic horizons as defined by the Soil Survey Staff. Based on the results of this study, additional evaluation of multiple pedons with similar features is warranted. Should additional pedons demonstrate similar properties, a new great group of ‘Petrudepts’ would be needed to describe both the placic horizons in the pedon and the udic moisture regime in which they occur.     

Induction of parturition in the sow with a prostaglandin analogue (I.C.I. 80996)

Summary

Parturition was induced in 112 gilts and sows on day 111, 112, and 113 of gestation by means of a single intramuscular injection of 175 mcg of a prostaglandin F2α analogue (Cloprostenol, I.C.I. 80996). No side effects were detected immediately after injection and the course of the induced parturition was normal. The interval between injection and parturition was approximately 28 hours. Induction of parturition on day 113 resulted in a significant shortening of this interval as compared with day 111 and 112. The average weights of the piglets at birth and at 5 weeks were within the normal range. The percentage of stillbirths and the loss of piglets up to weaning did not differ significantly between control and experimental groups. The practical applications of induction of parturition are discussed.     

翼柱型量水槽水力特性分析与对比

【目的】为探究翼柱型量水槽在自由出流和淹没出流时的量水性能。【方法】试验观测10种流量条件下,量水槽进口到出口13个测流断面的水位,对自由出流和淹没出流两种工况下的水面线、佛汝德数、测流精度等水力参数进行分析与对比。【结果】自由出流状态下在断面11到断面12之间形成了临界流,流量在0.044 m3/s以下时没有产生临界流从而得到了U形渠道翼柱型量水槽的最小工作流量。翼柱型量水槽过槽流量与上游水深具有良好的相关关系,通过拟合得到了自由出流和淹没出流状态下的流量公式,其中自由出流状态下最大误差为-2.54%,淹没出流下为6.50%,二者平均误差均小于0.3%,满足现行渠道量水规范的误差要求。本文拟合的淹没出流流量公式最大淹没度高达0.958,适用范围较大。此外,U形渠道翼柱型量水槽具有较大的自由出流范围,临界淹没度可达0.890。【结论】经试验确定临界流断面位于距进口约为量水槽4倍翼高处。翼柱型量水槽可满足小比降既成渠道的测流要求,进一步解决了量水槽流量公式在淹没出流情况下测流误差较大的问题。     

渐开线齿轮重合度与双齿啮合刍议

重合度是衡量齿轮传动平稳性和承载能力的一个重要指标,可反映在啮合过程中双齿啮合的比例。本文对齿轮啮合过程进行解析,阐述齿轮的双齿啮合比概念,并解析了齿轮的双齿啮合比的计算式,介绍并纠正学生在理解双齿啮合过程时的一个误区。     

基于弹性薄层接触模型研究衬砌渠道双膜防冻胀布设

渠道衬砌下双膜防渗层可解除渠基土冻结力,释放衬砌结构位移以适应不均匀冻胀,但会影响衬砌结构的刚度与稳定性。为研究最佳双膜防渗层布设形式及其适应性,考虑双膜防渗层接触本构及衬砌结构与渠基土的相互作用,依据基土水热力三场耦合理论建立了寒区衬砌渠道的冻胀模型,通过数值模拟仿真分析了不同断面及不同双膜防渗层布设形式的弧底梯形渠道衬砌的冻胀受力与变位。结果表明:宽浅断面渠道采用双膜衬砌结构时,膜间摩擦力过小造成刚度和稳定性严重降低以及衬砌拉应力增加。适当的膜间摩擦力可以解除部分冻结约束,调整局部不均匀冻胀,而且发挥弧底反拱作用不产生拉应力。采用PE膜与无纺布作为层间接触的双膜衬砌结构,冻胀位移方差减小25%,同时整体位移增加不超过0.2 cm,削减冻胀应力50%以上。在不显著降低结构整体稳定性前提下,其整体刚度和结构强度提高程度最大,故同时适用于窄深渠道和宽浅渠道。研究为寒区衬砌渠道中双膜防渗层的合理布设提供科学依据。     

基于ABAQUS的齿轮动态啮合的非线性分析

为了解决齿轮在动态啮合过程中接触应力计算的问题,通过HyperMesh软件的前处理功能划分全六面体网格,可以减少计算量,然后将网格模型导入ABAQUS中计算,在实际的工程问题中,ABAQUS对解决非线性问题有一定的优势,通过使用ABAQUS软件可以计算齿轮动态啮合问题,计算结果比传统计算公式更准确,且可定量地分析齿轮啮合应变与应力分布情况。     

深松铲扰动下天然草地复合土层失效特性的试验研究

为研究深松铲类耕作部件作用下天然草地扰动失效过程,采用草地耕作试验台搭载不同类型和具有不同结构参数的深松铲,在不同作业深度下,进行草地扰动失效试验,对草地土层失效过程、扰动情况、翻垡率、扰动系数、蓬松度,以及耕作部件的作业阻力和沟形面积比阻进行对比分析。试验结果表明:利用深松铲可以打破天然草地形成的“地表干草+植物根茎+土壤”的“夹层式”复合土层结构,对草地土层造成扰动,但其作业效果受作业深度、结构参数以及“夹层式”复合土层结构的影响。深松铲作业后产生的地表翻垡率为5.67%~12.25%,扰动系数为63%~74%,蓬松度为38%~49%。综合所有的扰动失效特性参数,在所试验的深松铲耕作部件中,双翼倾角为150°的双翼形深松铲在草地深松作业时对草地地表扰动和土壤翻垡情况影响较小,对土壤的扰动系数较高,作业效果最佳。     

Estimating the level of disease risk and biosecurity on commercial poultry farms in New Zealand

ABSTRACT

Aims: To collect baseline data on the contact risk pathways and biosecurity practices of commercial poultry farms in New Zealand, investigate the relationship between the farm-level disease contact risks and biosecurity practices, and identify important poultry health concerns of producers.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of all registered New Zealand commercial poultry operations was conducted in 2016 collecting information on farm demographics, biosecurity practices, and contact risk pathways. Survey responses were used to generate an unweighted subjective disease risk score based on eight risk criteria and a subjective biosecurity score based on the frequency with which producers reported implementing seven biosecurity measures. Producer opinions towards poultry health issues were also determined.

Results: Responses to the survey response were obtained from 120/414 (29.0%) producers, including 57/157 (36.3%) broiler, 33/169 (19.5%) layer, 24/55 (44%) breeder, and 6/32 (19%) other poultry production types. Median disease risk scores differed between production types (p?<?0.001) and were lowest for breeder enterprises. The greatest risk for layer and broiler enterprises was from the potential movement of employees between sheds, and for breeder enterprises was the on- and off-farm movement of goods and services. Median biosecurity scores also differed between production types (p?<?0.001), and were highest for breeder and broiler enterprises. Across all sectors there was no statistical correlation between biosecurity scores and disease risk scores. Producers showed a high level of concern over effectively managing biosecurity measures.

Conclusions: The uptake of biosecurity measures in the commercial poultry farms surveyed was highly variable, with some having very low scores despite significant potential disease contact risks. This may be related to the low prevalence or absence of many important infectious poultry diseases in New Zealand leading farmers to believe there is a limited need to maintain good biosecurity as well as farmer uncertainty around the efficacy of different biosecurity measures. Further research is needed to understand barriers towards biosecurity adoption including evaluating the cost-effectiveness of biosecurity interventions.