Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in permanent upslope pasture and downslope riparian buffers with varying vegetation

Background

Riparian buffers are primarily implemented for their water quality functions in agroecosystems. Their location in the agricultural landscape allows them to intercept and process pollutants from immediately adjacent agricultural land. Vegetated riparian buffers recycle soil organic matter, which elevates soil carbon (C), which upon processing, processes and releases carbon dioxide (CO₂). The elevated soil C and seasonally anoxic environments associated with riparian buffers promote denitrification and fermentation, further increasing soil CO₂ production.

Aim

Against this context, a replicated plot-scale experiment was established at North Wyke, UK, to measure the extent of soil CO₂ emissions in permanent pasture served by grass, willow, and woodland riparian buffers, as well as a no-buffer control.

Methods

Soil CO₂ was measured using the static chamber technique in conjunction with soil and environmental variables between June 2018 and February 2019.

Results

Cumulative soil CO₂ fluxes were in the descending order: woodland riparian buffer; 11,927.8 ± 1987.9 kg CO₂ ha^–1 > no-buffer control; 11,101.3 ± 3700.4 kg CO₂ ha^–1 > grass riparian buffer; 10,826.4 ± 2551.8 kg CO₂ ha^–1 > upslope pasture; 10,554.6 ± 879.5 kg CO₂ ha^–1 > willow riparian buffer; 9294.9 ± 1549.2 5 kg CO₂ ha^–1. There was, however, no evidence of significant differences among all treatments of the current study.

Conclusions

Despite the lack of significant differences, the results from our short-term study show that the woodland riparian buffer had relatively larger soil CO₂ emissions than the remainder of the other riparian buffers and the upslope pasture it serves. Our short-term findings may be useful in developing soil CO₂ mitigation strategies through careful selection of riparian buffer vegetation and may be useful in calibrating mechanistic models for simulating such emissions from similar agro systems.     

无絮垂柳扦插技术

无絮垂柳具有环保、适应性强、树形优美等特点，是近年来城市绿化的较佳树种之一。通过扦插培育无絮垂柳为我省城镇绿化提供了促进城市环保的一个柳树品种。     

竹柳细胞壁综纤维素和木质素单体及含量研究

运用超声波辅助提取、DFRC(衍生化后的还原裂解)法结合气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对竹柳(Salix maizhokunggarensis N.Chao)细胞壁综纤维素和木质素单体进行了测定;采用差重法和Kalson法结合紫外分光光度法测定了竹柳细胞壁综纤维素和木质素含量。结果表明,竹柳细胞壁综纤维素单体包括D-木糖、L-阿拉伯糖、D-半乳糖、D-葡萄糖、L-岩藻糖和D-纤维二糖,木质素主要由愈创木基(G)和紫丁香基(S)组成。竹柳细胞壁综纤维素含量为80.16%,木质素含量为19.84%。     

盐胁迫对15种乔木柳插条表型和生理指标影响

沿海防护林是我国重要的生态屏障,柳树是华东地区主要的造林树种,筛选优质的耐盐乔木柳品种可满足沿海防护林造林的品种需求。用水培法对15个乔木柳品种1年生枝条进行了50 mmol·L^-1NaCl的盐胁迫,并设清水作为对照,测定了始根期的根干重、叶片数、丙二醛含量、相对电导率等14项指标,并采用方差分析和聚类分析对其耐盐性进行了综合性评价。结果表明,50 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫对多数乔木柳品种根、叶的萌发时间和生长有抑制作用,根系电导率升高,丙二醛的含量有增有减。其中对盐柳1号的根系萌发,苏柳795、渤海柳1号、苏柳799的根生长,竹柳的萌枝生长有显著促进作用。研究还发现总萌枝数和丙二醛含量呈极显著正相关,叶片数、叶干重与电导率呈极显著负相关。通过表型鉴定和生理指标测定并聚类分析,可将15个乔木柳品种按耐盐性分为3类:盐柳1号、东营柳2号、竹柳、渤海柳1号、紫杆柳>287、J2087、龙爪柳、苏柳932>苏柳795、J2187、苏柳172、东营柳1号、金丝垂柳J1010、苏柳799。     

杨树和柳树富集Cd、Zn、Pb的品种差异性

利用土培试验,以14个杨树和柳树(PopuluS,Salix babylonica)品种为材料,研究了Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染对不同杨树、柳树品种生物量、重金属含量和总吸收量、富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF)的影响.结果显示,杨树、柳树在叶、茎、根生物量、株高、重金属含量和总吸收量、BCF和TF上均存在显著的品种差异,随着土壤重金属含量的增加,杨树、柳树重金属含量和总吸收量显著增加,BCF显著降低,TF变化不明显.南林895 (Pop ulus×euramericana(Dode) cv.‘Nanlin-895’)、61-1 (Salixjiangsuensis CL.‘61-1’)和795(Salixjiangsuensis CL ‘795’)重金属含量较高,重金属含量最高的61-1叶片Cd和Zn的含量分别达到29.23、1410 mg· kg-1,但这些品种耐性较低,生物量较小.综合考虑生物量和重金属含量,61-1和南林95(Populus×euramericana(Dode)cv.‘Nanlin-95’)重金属总吸收量较高,富集能力较强,富集能力最强的南林95叶片Cd和Zn的总吸收量分别达到205.62、5 897.94 μg·株‘1.61-1和南林95是有潜力的修复材料.     

Willow stand growth model based on nitrogen productivity

A simple model for willow forest growth during the growing season is presented. The model is based on nitrogen productivity, expressed as the daily above‐ground biomass growth per the amounts of nitrogen in foliage and leaf litter. It is shown that the nitrogen productivity can be expressed as a linear function of the amounts of leaves produced. The model, which also includes allocation of biomass between stem and leaf biomass as well as between foliage and leaf litter biomass, is tested against accurate measurements of the seasonal growth of willow of four different plots. Simulated and measured biomass of stem, foliage, leaf litter and the total above‐ground biomass agreed well for all four plots. The model concept should be useful in nitrogen flux models and as a tool to describe the actual growth of a willow stand, knowing only the annual leaf production and the nitrogen concentrations of foliage during the growing season.     

旱柳细菌性枯萎病室内药效筛选

为了有效地防治旱柳细菌性枯萎病,在PDA培养基上,运用打孔注药方法分别测试了14种杀菌剂对该病病原菌(Pantoea agglomerans(Ewing and Fife)Gavini et al.)的抑菌效果。通过比较抑菌率和r值的大小评价各药剂的抑菌效果,以确定药效。结果表明:供试药剂中有13种对该病原菌有抑菌效果,其中农用链霉素、四霉素、乙蒜素和中生菌素的作用效果较明显。     

柳树6个无性系在铜尾矿砂中的生长及耐受性差异

[目的]研究Cd、Zn、Cu 3种重金属复合污染条件下6个柳树无性系的生长、光合作用以及叶绿素含量变化等生理生化响应,为评价不同柳树品种在重金属污染区植被恢复中的应用潜力提供依据。[方法]采用盆栽试验方法,以旱柳和杞柳6个无性系扦插苗为试验材料,按无性系与介质两因素裂区设计试验,对6个无性系的生长、根系形态学参数以及光合参数和叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量等指标进行测定。[结果]表明:6个无性系在铜尾矿砂中均能生长,但株高、地径以及光合作用、叶绿素含量等相关参数均受到不同程度的抑制,其中,杞柳‘一枝笔’在铜尾矿砂中的株高、生物量以及总叶绿素含量在6个无性系中降幅最小,而净光合速率降幅最小的是旱柳16无性系。在尾矿砂中生长的柳树叶片均出现不同程度的黄化,色素含量出现不同程度的下降,杞柳‘一枝笔’无论是叶绿素a、叶绿素b还是总叶绿素含量下降幅度最小,其总叶绿素含量与对照相比仅下降4%。各项指标主成份分析结果表明:在重金属复合污染条件下,生长性状因子起的作用最大,其中,根体积、茎干质量、叶干质量、总生物量4个性状是决定铜尾矿砂中柳树生长状况的关键因子。[结论]6个柳树无性系在铜尾矿砂中的生长和生物量积累具有明显的基因型差异。根据对生物量、耐性指数以及光合作用等生理生化相关指标的综合分析,杞柳无性系中杞柳‘一枝笔’耐性优于杞柳‘大红头’,而旱柳无性系中旱柳470耐性最好,旱柳16耐性最差。杞柳在铜尾矿砂中的耐性高于旱柳,光合色素的合成受影响较小,而且也具有较好的生物量积累能力。杞柳可望用于矿山废弃地的植被恢复。     

柳树新品种‘鲁柳2号’

柳树新品种‘鲁柳2号’（Salix matsudana‘Luliu 2’）为雄株,是在山东省滨州市沾化县西吕水库野外发现的一株自然杂交苗,经过苗期试验和区域化试验选育而成。一年生苗干紫红色。具有育苗及造林成活率高、干直、耐旱等特性,材性优良,适宜干旱、瘠薄立地造林。     

A comparison of the microbiological conditions in the small intestine and caeca of wild and captive willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus lagopus)

The study compares the microbiological conditions in the small intestine and caeca of captive and wild willow grouse. The small intestine of wild willow grouse scarcely contained bacteria, while the caeca, without exception, contained high numbers of microorganisms including spirochetes, small gram-negative anaerobe rods, flagellates and amoebae. In 50 % of the birds a low number of E. coli was found in the caeca. The types, numbers and distribution of intestinal microorganisms of captive willow grouse were very similar to that of the domestic fowl and thus quite unlike that of the wild grouse.These results help to explain why captive grouse digest natural food less efficiently than wild birds. Hence captive grouse should not be used in experiments which aim to clarify digestive capacity and functions in the wild grouse.