烘烤凋萎期失水速度对烟叶质量的影响

凋萎期失水速度在烟叶质量的形成过程中具有重要作用,是影响烟叶质量的关键指标。为了优化烘烤工艺,寻找最佳的凋萎期失水速度,以秦烟96为试验材料,2014~2015年在甘肃陇南地区应用变频技术通过风量调节研究了烘烤凋萎期7组失水速度对烟叶质量的影响。试验结果表明,凋萎期失水速度控制在5~7 g∕(kg·h)之间,不但可以让未变黄的烟叶继续变黄,消除青烟,让已变黄的烟叶适度失水,同时降低了变黄后烟叶的水分含量,为烟叶定色创造了条件,有利于防止棕色化反应的发生。     

C/N比对好氧堆肥中NH3挥发损失和含氮有机物转化的影响

利用牛粪和不同比例玉米秸秆的混合,设置5个不同C/N比处理(T1=15、T2=20、T3=25、T4=30、T5=35),研究其对条垛式好氧堆肥过程中的NH_3挥发损失和含氮有机物转化的影响。结果表明:在肥堆前24 d有11.1%～23.1%的总氮损失,堆体C/N比越低,总氮损失率越高。堆肥结束时,T1～T5处理的总氮损失率为10.1%～24.1%,其中由NH_3挥发造成的氮损失占总氮损失的30.9%～40.5%。堆肥过程的NH_3挥发主要发生在升温期和高温期,此期的NH_3挥发量占总挥发量的95%以上,是总氮损失的主要途径。堆肥前6 d各处理堆体铵态氮积累并达到最高值,导致pH值迅速升高,是造成堆肥NH_3挥发的直接原因。堆体C/N比越低,pH值越高,NH_3挥发量越大,由此造成的氮损失占总氮损失的比例越大。堆肥材料总氮的90%以上为有机氮,其降解主要发生在堆肥前24 d,堆体初始C/N比越低,有机氮矿化越快。不同有机氮组分的降解速率不同,以氨基酸态氮和酰胺态氮的降解为主。当堆体初始C/N比低于25时,堆肥材料中氨基酸态氮和酰胺态氮等有机态氮快速降解产生大量的铵态氮,由此导致堆体pH值的迅速升高,是导致堆肥过程中大量NH_3挥发和氮素损失的主要原因。     

基于WOFOST模型的辽宁省春玉米干旱灾损风险评估

利用锦州农业气象试验站的作物生长发育和土壤实测数据对WOFOST模型水分胁迫模块进行了调参,适用性验证表明,WOFOST模型适用于辽宁省春玉米生长发育和产量的模拟,辽宁省春玉米受干旱的影响可以利用WOFOST模型较敏感地反映出来。利用调参后的WOFOST模型模拟了全生育期及出苗~拔节、拔节~抽雄、抽雄~乳熟和乳熟~成熟各阶段发生轻、中、重旱情景对辽宁省春玉米产量的影响,并根据模拟结果确定了不同干旱风险等级下辽宁省东、中、西部玉米生产的灾损范围。结果表明：不同生育期发生干旱对产量的影响不同,总体上,抽雄~乳熟期发生干旱的影响最大,其次是拔节~抽雄期,而出苗~拔节期和乳熟~成熟期发生干旱对产量的影响较小,全省春玉米在抽雄~乳熟期发生重旱的减产风险达30%~70%;在相同干旱水平下,不同区域受影响程度也不同,在全生育期及各生育阶段发生轻、中、重旱情景下,干旱导致的减产率总体上表现为由东部向西部地区逐渐加重的趋势,在全生育期重旱情景下,辽宁省东部的春玉米减产率为40%~75%,中部为60%~90%,西部达65%~95%。     

Cultivation effects on soil texture and fertility in an arid desert region of northwestern China

In arid desert regions of northwestern China, reclamation and subsequent irrigated cultivation have become effective ways to prevent desertification, expand arable croplands, and develop sustainable agricultural production. Improvement in soil texture and fertility is crucial to high soil quality and stable crop yield. However, knowledge on the long-term effects of the conversion of desert lands into arable croplands is very limited. To address this problem, we conducted this study in an arid desert region of northwestern China to understand the changes in soil physical-chemical properties after 0, 2, 5, 10, 17, and 24 years of cultivation. Our results showed that silt and clay contents at the 17-year-old sites increased 17.5 and 152.3 folds, respectively, compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The soil aggregate size fraction and its stability exhibited an exponential growth trend with increasing cultivation ages, but no significant change was found for the proportion of soil macroaggregates (>5.00 mm) during the 17 years of cultivation. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content at the 24-year-old sites was 6.86 g/kg and increased 8.8 folds compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The total (or available) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents showed significant increasing trends and reached higher values after 17 (or 24) years of cultivation. Changes in soil physical-chemical properties successively experienced slow, rapid, and stable development stages, but some key properties (such as soil aggregate stability and SOC) were still too low to meet the sustainable agricultural production. The results of this long-term study indicated that reasonable agricultural management, such as expanding no-tillage land area, returning straw to the fields, applying organic fertilizer, reducing chemical fertilizer application, and carrying out soil testing for formula fertilization, is urgently needed in arid desert regions.     

新疆春小麦育成品种耐热性评价

为筛选出耐热性好的小麦种质材料,通过开花期至成熟期人工模拟高温胁迫环境,以千粒重热感指数为主要评价指标,评价了新疆近30年来审定的春小麦品种的相对耐热性,并分析了高温胁迫对小麦籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量的影响。结果表明,与自然生长相比,高温胁迫条件下新疆春小麦育成品种的千粒重、籽粒宽度的变化均达到了极显著水平（P<0.01）,籽粒长度变化不显著(P>0.05),不同品种间耐热性存在很大差异。综合三年千粒重热感指数（HSI）分析,耐热性相对较好的品种有17个,连续三年HSI＜1的品种有11个,其中新春37号、新春2号、新春38号在高温胁迫条下千粒重变化较小,产量较稳定,为强耐热品种;对高温敏感品种有26个,连续三年HSI≥1的品种有13个,其中新春13号、新春18号、新春33号耐热性相对较弱。高温胁迫影响小麦籽粒的品质,其中13.95%的品种蛋白质含量降低,6.98%的品种湿面筋含量降低,其他品种高温胁迫后籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量均较自然生长有所提高。     

苦瓜种子大小和单粒质量的遗传分析

以苦瓜自交系K7-359(P_1)和K7-422(P_2)分别作为母本和父本,通过杂交获得F_1,F_1自交获得F_2群体,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析苦瓜种子长度、宽度和单粒质量的遗传规律。结果表明,苦瓜种子长度和单粒质量的遗传均符合加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型(C-0模型),多基因遗传率分别为84.91%和76.55%,说明对苦瓜种子长度和单粒质量的选择宜在高世代进行;苦瓜种子宽度的遗传符合1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型(D-0模型),主基因和多基因遗传率分别为79.30%和3.86%,主基因遗传效应主要以加性效应为主,说明对种子宽度的改良可以采用组合育种的策略,且适宜在早期世代进行选择。     

Influence of intra-row cruciferous surrogate weed growth on crop yield in organic spring cereals

In Northern Europe, inter-row hoeing has become a popular tactic for controlling weeds in organic cereals. Hoeing is highly effective and can be implemented from crop emergence until stem elongation to maintain a nearly weed-free inter-row zone. However, hoeing has a lesser effect on weeds growing in the intra-row zone, where crop–weed proximity results in heightened competition. In the hoed cereal system, it is investigated whether tall-growing, competitive, cruciferous weeds in the intra-row zone affect crop biomass, yield and thousand kernel weight (TKW). An additive experimental design is employed to enable the fitting of rectangular hyperbolas, describing and quantifying the effects of increasing intra-row surrogate weed density on crop growth parameters. Regressions were studied under the influence of crop (spring barley and spring wheat), row spacing (narrow [12.5 or 15.0 cm] and wide [25.0 cm]) and nitrogen rate (50 and 100 kg NH₄-N/ha). Cruciferous surrogate weeds were found to impact crop yield and quality severely. For example, ten intra-row plants/m² of surrogate weed Sinapis alba reduced grains yields by 7%–14% in spring barley and by 7%–32% in spring wheat with yield losses becoming markedly greater in wheat compared to barley as weed density increases. Compared to wheat, barley limited yield and quality losses and suppressed intra-row weed growth more. Row spacing did not have a consistent effect on crop or weed parameters; in one of six experiments, the 25 cm row spacing reduced yields and increased intra-row weed biomass in wheat. Nitrogen rate did not affect crop or weed parameters. Results warrant the implementation of additional tactics to control intra-row weeds and limit crop losses.     

草地贪夜蛾对我国玉米产业的潜在经济损失评估

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda,又称秋黏虫,起源于美洲。自2019年1月入侵我国云南以来,目前已扩散至我国25个省、市(区)。目前在我国发现的草地贪夜蛾主要为害玉米,本研究在收集了草地贪夜蛾的为害及防治情况,玉米的产量、面积、价格等相关数据的基础上,利用随机模型@RISK分别预测了其在防治与不防治场景下对我国玉米产业的潜在经济损失。结果表明,在不防治场景下,草地贪夜蛾对我国玉米的潜在经济损失总量的90%置信区间为375.68亿～3 283.45亿元,投入防治后可挽回的潜在经济损失90%置信区间为254.78亿～2 918.93亿元。因此,为保护我国玉米种植业的安全生产,应加强田间防治来降低其对我国玉米产业造成的潜在经济损失。     

城镇化进程中的粮食安全问题:一个研究综述

研究城镇化进程中的粮食安全问题,本质上是城镇化进程中产业之间的协调问题。中国的城镇化由于规模庞大、人口众多,使得城镇化是否影响粮食安全的研究一直伴随着国家城镇化水平的提升而从未间断过,特别是中国开始进入城镇化快速发展阶段之后。在简单回顾城镇化与粮食安全问题研究历史的基础上,通过着重梳理近十年来中国城镇化对粮食安全的研究文献,从城镇化影响粮食安全的因素和城镇化背景下保障粮食安全的解决方案两个角度的内容出发,指出了研究侧重点的发展变化。在影响因素问题上,研究者们从最初的侧重关注耕地减少,到探索农业生产技术应用提升农业生产力,再到保障劳动力的资源水平和满足粮食消费,越来越全面地认识城镇化对粮食安全的影响。而在解决方案上,从战略政策的演变,到夯实生产能力的策略变化,再到对海外资源依靠方式的转变,体现出不断完善的粮食安全保障体系建立。最后认为未来的研究可以在空间异质性、人力资本和制度要素变化上进一步深入。     

荸荠去皮机设计与试验

针对荸荠(Eleocharis dulcis(Burm. f.) Trin.)外形不规则以及去皮损失大、去不净的问题,采用平刀去顶芽、斜刀去底部、圆弧刀去侧皮的组合切削方式,设计1种荸荠去皮机。通过对荸荠外形参数的测量与建模,拟合得到荸荠外轮廓曲线,确定刀具的结构参数范围。基于3D打印技术,采用单因素试验,确定了切削速度、底面斜刀倾角与长度、侧面圆弧刀弦长对去皮损失率与去净率的影响,优化得到了适宜的结构参数与运动参数,在转速为40 r/min、底面斜刀倾角为82°、底面斜刀长度为14 mm、侧面圆弧刀弦长为22 mm(直径42.75 mm)的条件下,去净率达到93%,损失率为24.4%,显著高于人工去皮与机械摩擦去皮。