A Method of Calculating the Volumetric Flow Rate for Screw Refrigerating Compressor

It is two main factors that the refrigerant leakes and preheated in compress process for the discharging of the screw refrigeration compressor. The size of them directly is related to the form of the screw and the precision of the screw processed, and the screw cooled etc. Each compressor factory is different from others for designing and processing the screw. In the engineering design, it is difficult to calculate volumetric flow rate of the screw refrigeration compressor. The main factor of the volumetric flow rate is analyzed for the screw refrigeration compressor. A method of calculating the volumetric flow rate is inferred and checked. It can be for the use of engineering design     

航天器用超低黏度齿轮泵轻量化设计

为追求航天器用超低黏度介质齿轮泵较好的容积率和较低的发射成本,该文在创建容积率和新重合度公式的基础上,采用最优化设计方法,通过泵的单位排量体积或单位排量质量最小化,实现了90%的最小容积率和质量最轻化,分析了结构参数对优化结果的影响。结果表明:采用齿顶重合度优化设计后的根切重合度为–0.3429,不能保证连续传动要求;压力角、轴半径、齿条刀具齿顶圆角半径和过渡区起始角对优化结果,分别有6.07%、7.8%、2.9%和6.4%的影响,总体上影响不大;径向、轴向间隙的影响很大,并具有0.04、0.07 mm的影响转折点,该转折点为径向、轴向间隙的取值上限提供了依据。初次针对航天用齿轮泵的优化设计尝试,阐明了超低黏度介质同样适用于齿轮泵。该研究可为提高其他行业用超低黏度液压泵的研发提供参考。     

大规模植物场景绘制技术综述

大规模场景的快速绘制技术是虚拟现实、实时仿真等领域的关键技术。在农林业信息化发展进程中,植物场景的快速绘制技术对于农林业的发展有着深远的意义。但是由于植物模型固有的复杂性,以及农林业中大规模场景的要求,要实现实时绘制面临很多挑战。由于研究人员的不断努力,近年来在这一领域取得了丰硕的成果。回顾了该技术的发展历程,对其关键技术进行了分析和比较,最后对该领域的发展做出了总结和展望。     

电位滴定法研究可变电荷土壤表面酸碱性质的进展

我国长江以南地区的土壤富含铁铝氧化物,其土壤胶体表面电荷具有可变性,显著不同于温带地区的恒电荷土壤,因而称之为可变电荷土壤。开展可变电荷土壤的表面特性研究对农业可持续发展、土壤资源保护等均具有重要的现实意义。电位滴定法是开展可变电荷土壤表面特性研究最直接有效的方法。本文首先总结了电位滴定法的实验条件设置对可变电荷土壤表观电荷零点的影响,在此基础上,归纳了应用电位滴定法结合表面络合模型开展可变电荷土壤酸碱特性的研究进展,分类讨论了黏土矿物组成、氧化物、有机质等相关影响因子对可变电荷土壤酸碱缓冲能力的影响,并展望可变电荷土壤表面酸碱缓冲能力的未来研究。本文将有助于初学者理解可变电荷土壤,呼吁更多学者关注可变电荷土壤的酸碱缓冲特性研究及其在土壤资源可持续利用中所起的重要作用。     

大尺寸固体颗粒对固液两相流输送泵叶轮的磨损

针对大尺寸固体颗粒对输送泵叶轮的磨损问题,借助商用计算流体动力学软件STAR-CCM+开展数值模拟研究.采用变曲率弯管试验结果验证数值模拟模型的物理有效性,进而考虑介质浓度、颗粒粒径对输送泵运行性能和磨损特性的影响.研究结果表明:泵内固体颗粒的分布不均匀,叶片工作面对颗粒做功导致颗粒高速撞击叶片是叶片发生磨损的关键因素.输送泵叶轮的磨损主要发生在叶片的进口边和背面,首级叶轮的磨损量始终大于次级叶轮.介质浓度的增加会导致叶轮磨损量增加.当颗粒粒径由25 mm增加至30 mm时,首级叶轮和次级叶轮的磨损率均出现急剧增长,叶轮的磨损加剧.输送小颗粒时,应着重对叶片的进口角度进行优化,减轻小颗粒对叶片进口边的磨损;输送大颗粒时,应对叶片的型线进行优化,以减少大颗粒对叶片背面的磨损.     

甲苯咪唑国家对照品的研制

以精制后的甲苯咪唑为原料研制甲苯咪唑国家对照品,并进行质量评价.采用紫外分光光度法、红外分光光度法对原料进行鉴别,采用质量平衡法定值,同时采用容量法和高效液相色谱法加以佐证.结果显示,紫外吸收图谱与标准规定一致、红外光吸收图谱与USP溯源对照品图谱一致;以质量平衡法计算其含量为99.8％,容量法测定含量为99.9％,液...     

基于数字图像估算不同密度表层土壤含水率

为有效和无损地监测土壤表层含水率,以壤土、红壤和黑壤为研究对象,研究了不同密度下土壤含水率(θ)的图像信息,包括亮度(V)和饱和度(S),建立了土壤含水率的估算模型。结果表明,1当壤土密度为1 400 kg/m~3时,估算模型相关性最好(决定系数(R~2)为0.93,均方根误差(RMSE)是0.04 m~3/m~3);2当红壤密度为1 600 kg/m~3时,相关性最好(R~2为0.93,RMSE为0.03 m~3/m~3);3黑壤密度为1 600 kg/m~3时,相关性最好(R~2为0.87,RMSE为0.07 m~3/m~3)。考虑密度变化时,黏壤土的估算精度最好(R~2为0.72和RMSE为0.06 m~3/m~3)、其次是壤土(R~2和RMSE为0.70和0.07 m~3/m~3)和砂质壤土(R~2为0.60和RMSE为0.07 m~3/m~3)。因此,利用数码相机来估测表层不同密度土壤含水率是可行的。     

Response to drought and salt stress of lemon ‘Fino 49’ under field conditions: Water relations,osmotic adjustment and gas exchange

Drought and salinity are two of the most important factors limiting the lemon yield in south-eastern Spain. The effects of drought and salt stress, applied independently, on water relations, osmotic adjustment and gas exchange in the highest evapotranspiration period were studied to compare the tolerance and adaptive mechanisms of 13-year-old ‘Fino 49’ lemon trees, in immature and mature leaves. The study was carried out in an experimental orchard located in Torre Pacheco (Murcia). Three treatments were applied: Control, well-irrigated; drought-stress (DS), non-irrigated from 15th May to 7th July and salinity, irrigated with 30 mM NaCl from 1st March to 7th July. At the end of the experiment, only DS trees showed a decreased leaf stem water potential (Ψ_md). Under DS conditions, both types of leaf lost turgor and did not show any osmotic or elastic mechanism to maintain leaf turgor. Osmotic adjustment was the main tolerance mechanism for maintenance of turgor under salt stress, and was achieved by the uptake of Cl⁻ ions. Gas-exchange parameters were reduced by DS but not by salinity, stomatal closure being the main adaptive mechanism for avoidance of water loss and maintenance of leaf turgor. Salinity gave rise to greater Cl⁻ accumulation in mature than in immature leaves. The increase of proline in immature leaves due to DS indicates greater damage than in mature leaves.     

Tomato nitrogen accumulation and fertilizer use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling

Tomato production systems in Florida are typically intensively managed with high inputs of fertilizer and irrigation and on sandy soils with low inherent water and nutrient retention capacities; potential nutrient leaching losses undermine the sustainability of such systems. The objectives of this 3-year field study were to evaluate the interaction between N-fertilizer rates and irrigation scheduling on crop N and P accumulation, N-fertilizer use efficiency (NUE) and NO₃-N leaching of tomato cultivated in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated production system in sandy soils. Experimental treatments were a factorial combination of three irrigation scheduling regimes and three N-rates (176, 220, and 330 kg ha⁻¹). Irrigation treatments included were: (1) surface drip irrigation (SUR) both the irrigation and fertigation line placed underneath the plastic mulch; (2) subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) where the irrigation drip was placed 0.15 m below the fertigation line which was located on top of the bed; and (3) TIME (conventional control) with the irrigation and fertigation lines placed as in SUR and irrigation applied once a day. Except for the TIME treatment all irrigation treatments were soil moisture sensor (SMS)-based with irrigation occurring at 10% volumetric water content. Five irrigation windows were scheduled daily and events were bypassed if the soil water content exceeded the established threshold. The use of SMS-based irrigation systems significantly reduced irrigation water use, volume percolated, and nitrate leaching. Based on soil electrical conductivity (EC) readings, there was no interaction between irrigation and N-rate treatments on the movement of fertilizer solutes. Total plant N accumulation for SUR and SDI was 12-37% higher than TIME. Plant P accumulation was not affected by either irrigation or N-rate treatments. The nitrogen use efficiency for SUR and SDI was on the order of 37-45%, 56-61%, and 61-68% for 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively and significantly higher than for the conventional control system (TIME). Moreover, at the intermediate N-rate SUR and SDI systems reduced NO₃-N leaching to 5 and 35 kg ha⁻¹, while at the highest N-rate corresponding values were 7 and 56 kg N ha⁻¹. Use of N application rates above 220 kg ha⁻¹ did not result in fruit and/or shoot biomass nor N accumulation benefits, but substantially increased NO₃-N leaching for the control treatment, as detected by EC monitoring and by the lysimeters. It is concluded that appropriate use of SDI and/or sensor-based irrigation systems can sustain high yields while reducing irrigation application as well as reducing NO₃-N leaching in low water holding capacity soils.     

三种测定山楂果实中的水溶性有机酸方法的对比研究

山楂果汁颜色较深，如果测定山楂果实中的水溶性有机酸的含量，使用碱滴定法，电位滴定法不宜掌握滴定终点，用活性炭脱色后滴定法，滴定终点则容易掌握。本文用这３种方法进行了对比实验，其结果活性炭脱色后碱滴定法损失率较高，碱滴定法和电位滴定法测定的结果没有显著性差异，均可使用，只要掌握好滴定终点的颜色变化，能得到准确度较高的结果。同时通过实验又得到了１４个山楂品种的有机酸含量。