Evaluation of vitamin A status on myogenic gene expression and muscle fiber characteristics

A randomized complete block design experiment with 30 yearling crossbred steers (average BW = 436.3 ± 39.8 kg) fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet was used to evaluate the effects dietary vitamin A (Rovimix A 1000; DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Sisseln, SUI) supplementation on myogenic gene expression and skeletal muscle fiber characteristics during the finishing phase. Steers were blocked by BW (n = 5 blocks; 6 steers/block), randomly assigned to pens (n = 2 steers/pen), and one of the following treatments: no added vitamin A (0 IU; 0.0 IU/kg of dietary dry matter intake of additional vitamin A), vitamin A supplemented at the estimated requirement (2,200 IU; 2,200 IU/kg of dietary dry matter (DM) of additional vitamin A), and vitamin A supplemented at 5× the estimated requirement (11,000 IU; 11,000 IU/kg of dietary DM of additional vitamin A). After all treatments underwent a 91-d vitamin A depletion period, additional vitamin A was top-dressed at feeding via a ground corn carrier. Blood, longissimus muscle, and liver biopsy samples were obtained on days 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112. Biopsy samples were used for immunohistochemical and mRNA analysis. Sera and liver samples were used to monitor circulating vitamin A and true vitamin A status of the cattle. Expression for myosin heavy chain (MHC)-I diminished and rebounded (P = 0.04) over time. The intermediate fiber type, MHC-IIA, had a similar pattern of expression (P = 0.01) to that of MHC-I. On day 84, C/EBPβ expression was also the greatest (P = 0.03). The pattern of PPARγ (P < 0.01) and PPARδ (P < 0.01) expression seemed to mimic that of MHC-I expression, increasing from days 84 to 112. Distribution of MHC-IIA demonstrated a change over time (P = 0.02). Muscle fiber cross-sectional area increased by day (P < 0.01) for each MHC with the notable increase between days 0 and 56. Total nuclei density decreased (P = 0.02) over time. Cells positive for only Myf5 increased (P < 0.01) in density early in the feeding period, then declined, indicating that satellite cells were fusing into fibers. The dual-positive (PAX7+Myf5) nuclei also peaked (P < 0.01) around day 56 then declined. These data indicated that gene expression associated with oxidative proteins may be independent of vitamin A status in yearling cattle.     

小麦田合理施氮的研究

小麦田对氮肥需求和施肥时间的要求非常严格。在种植中,常见叶片短、窄,茎部叶片先发黄;植株瘦小、直立,分蘖少,穗粒少而小。合理的施氮时间是影响小麦产量的最主要因素。氮肥是小麦生长所必需的大量元素。因此,合理施用氮肥对小麦生长至关重要。     

Numerical analysis of soil water dynamics in a soil column with an artificial capillary barrier growing leaf vegetables

An artificial capillary barrier (CB ), which consists of two layers of gravel and coarse sand, was used to improve the soil water retention capacity of the root zone of sandy soil for the cultivation of Japanese spinach (Brassica rapa var. perviridis ). The performance of a CB under specific conditions can be evaluated using numerical simulations. However, there have been relatively few numerical studies analyzing soil water dynamics in CB systems during crop growth. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the performance of a CB during the cultivation of Japanese spinach irrigated at different rates and (ii) to investigate the effect of the irrigation schedule on root water uptake. Numerical analysis was performed using HYDRUS ‐1D after the soil hydraulic properties of the CB materials were determined. In most cases, the HYDRUS ‐1D results agreed well with the experimental soil water content data without any calibration when the dual‐porosity model describing soil hydraulic properties was used for gravel and coarse sand. We found that the dual‐porosity model was able to attenuate the unrealistically steep reduction in the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity predicted by the single‐porosity model. The numerical simulations also showed that the CB played an important role in maintaining plant‐available water in the root zone while maximizing the water use efficiency. The numerical simulations revealed that the irrigation frequency could be reduced by half during the early growth stage, and the water use efficiency could be greatly improved with the CB layer installed.     

Three‐dimensional scanning for measurement of bulk density in gravelly soils

The measurement of bulk density in gravelly soils (>15% soil particles >2 mm) is more time‐consuming than for other soils. The excavation method, usually employed for measurement of bulk density in gravelly soils, includes excavating a void and calculating volume of the void from the weight and density of the material (e.g. sand and plaster cast) used to fill the void. A 3‐dimensional (3D) scanning system was developed to measure the volume of the void created when using the excavation method. The 3D scanning system combined a time‐of‐flight camera (Kinect ™), the KinectFusion algorithm, MeshLab and a portable computer to produce a 3D model of the void or plaster cast. Experiments were completed at three field sites where soil gravel (>2 mm) content ranged from 35 to 71% to assess the performance of the system. The void volume measured using the 3D scanning system was highly correlated with measurements using the plaster cast method (r  = 0.99). The cumulative time taken to measure soil bulk density using 3D scanning was significantly (P  <  0.001) less than for the sand replacement at 0–10, 10–20, 20–30 and 30–40 cm depth. The faster measurement of subsurface bulk density is a significant advantage of the 3D scanning system; the time taken to measure bulk density to 40 cm in 10 cm increments using the 3D scanning system was about one‐third of the sand method.     

栗蚕蛹DNA诱导柞蚕遗传变异的研究

近年来证实了高等动物体内异源DNA能整合到受体基因组引起动物发生遗传变异.根据这个论点,我们把生活力强的野生蚕种桑蚕DNA注射到柞蚕蛹体内,获得了具有特异性状的变异蚕和变异卵,其变异率分别达到5.59%和8.6%.经6年11代,观察变异蚕的卵、幼虫、蛹及蛾的颜色、大小都介于供体和受体之间,其血清酯酶、同功酶谱带和氨基酸含量等生化指标也介于二者之间,经杂交及侧交试验证明此变异蚕蚁蚕体色为隐性纯合型,能够稳定遗传,而且符合孟德尔的杂交分离规律.我们的实验结果进一步充实了真核细胞基因组能够整合异源DNA,且能予以表达的理论.表明异源DNA诱导遗传变异可能是选育优良品种的一个好方法.     

生长猪饲粮加硒量对生产性能、组织含硒量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性的影响

38头八周龄断奶仔猪(约克夏×雅南)喂以不同水平的天然饲粮,对生产性能、组织含量,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH～PX)活性进行了研究。未加硒猪只发生死亡,加硒量0.05ppm以下发生不同程度组织病变。加硒猪平均日增重比不加硒猪高22.8％(P<0.05),但加硒组间差异不显著。随加硒量提高,组织含硒量和血液GSH—PX活性呈二次或三次曲线上升,加硒0.3ppm全血和血浆GSH—PX活性均达稳定。发生亚临床缺乏时,肝脏、猪毛、血浆含硒量分别小于0.7341±0.066、0.208±0.027、0.094±0.008ppm,血浆GSH—PX活性小于0.78单位/毫升,死亡时,肝脏、血浆含硒量分别小于0.147±0.055、0.025±0.002 ppm,血浆GSH—PX活性小于0.57单位/毫升。冕宁天然低硒饲粮中,生长猪无机硒添加量以0.3ppm为宜。     

黑龙江林蛙输卵管金属元素,维生素的测定

用ＰＥＲＫＩＮ－ＥＬＭＥＲ５０００型原子吸收分光光度计和岛津ＬＣ－３Ａ高效液相色谱仪对黑龙江林蛙（多只混合）输卵管阴干制品中八种金属元素和维生素Ａ、Ｅ的含时进行了测定。测定结果为：钾、钠、；钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、铜、维生素Ａ、维生素Ｅ分别为“０．８６％、０．２７％、０．１８％、０．０２７％、５５．９２μｇ／ｇ、２３．０８μｇ／ｇ、１４．９２μｇ／ｇ、８．２５μｇ／ｇ、０．１７０２ｍｇ／ｇ、０．０４２     

铁和维生素A互作效应对肉仔鸡体内相关血液理化指标的影响

选用 1日龄艾维因肉仔鸡 5 0 4只 ,随机分为 9组 ,每组 4个重复 ,每个重复 14只鸡 (公母比为 1∶ 1) ,采用 3× 3(Fe× VA)完全随机试验设计 ,研究了日粮中不同添加水平的 Fe(0、30、6 0 mg/ kg)和 VA(75 0、15 0 0、2 70 0 IU/ kg)对不同生长阶段 (0～ 4周和 5～ 7周 )肉仔鸡体内相关血液理化指标 :血红蛋白 (Hb)含量、红细胞计数 (RCC)、红细胞压积 (PCV)、血沉 (ESR)的影响。结果表明 :1日粮铁添加水平对 0～ 4周肉仔鸡血液的 Hb含量 ,RCC,PCV和 ESR值影响均显著 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,5～ 7周时仅对 RCC值影响显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。 2日粮 VA添加水平对前后期 Hb含量影响均不显著 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,对前后期 RCC值影响均显著 (P<0 .0 1) ,对后期 PCV值影响显著 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,对前期 ESR值影响显著(P<0 .0 5 ) ,VA显著影响肉仔鸡体内铁状况血液指标。3交互作用对前后期 Hb含量、前期 RCC、后期 PCV、前期 ESR值影响均显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。 Fe(0 m g/ kg)× VA(70 5 IU/ kg)组前后期产生的 Hb含量和前期 RCC均低于正常范围 ,机体处于贫血状态。 4 Fe和 VA互作有助于改善血液 Hb含量和 RCC值     

Growth and Metabolic Changes of Cowpea Plants as Affected by Water Deficiency and Indole-3-Yl-Acetic Acid

Cowpea plants ( Vigna sinensis Savi.) were grown in pots for two successive years. These plants were daily maintained water holding capacities (15, 25, 45, 65 %).
The foliage of plants grown at every level of soil moisture was sprayed till dripping with IAA solutions (0, 10, 50, 100 mg/l) three times after 3, 6 and 9 weeks from sowing. Samples were taken at the two physiological stages before flowering and during flowering for growth measurements and determinations of nitrogen fractions.
Water shortage led to retardation of stem length, number of internodes, number of leaves and dry weight shoots. IAA increasing the same parameters only when applied at concentrations of 10 and 50mg/1 at moisture level 65 %, 45 % and 25 % of W.H.C.
Water stress decreased total-N and protein-N contents of cowpea shoots. On the other hand total soluble- N content was increased under the same conditions. IAA increased total-N and protein-N content of cowpea shoots. Meanwhile, the same growth regulator decreased total soluble-N when applied at 45% 25 % and 15 % W.H.C. levels.     

维生素 C 保护稻叶细胞膜机理的研究

本文研究了维生素 C 清除超氧自由基(0),保护细胞膜的机理。结果表明;V—C 有清除 O的效应。在清除 O的过程中,有过氧化氢的生成,并且可以经过清除 O而对脂肪酸起到一定的保护作用。同时,V—C 能促进芬顿(Fenton)反应而加快脂肪酸的过氧化破坏作用。用9ppm 的 V—C 喷洒处于40℃和40000lx 条件下的稻叶,能显著降低膜脂过氧化作用和减轻细胞膜的损伤程度。但当喷洒浓度超过9ppm 后,其保护效果减弱。此外,当细胞内 V—C 浓度提高后,过氧化氢酶活性随之增强。