COMPARISON OF VISUAL ANALOG AND NUMERIC SCORING SCALES FOR ASSESSING INTRAOPERATIVE MESENTERIC PORTOVENOGRAPHY

A visual analog scale and a numeric scoring scale were designed for the assessment of dynamic intraoperative mesenteric portovenography in the dog and cat. Two independent observers evaluated both scoring scales for reproducibility (differences between observers) and repeatability (within-observer differences) in the assessment of 60 trial portovenograms. Agreement (interchangeability) of both scales was evaluated by comparing the scores obtained in the assessment of 200 portovenograms obtained from 100 dogs and cats. There was no statistical difference between the two observers when scoring the same portovenogram for either the visual analog scale (p = .730, reproducibility coefficient = 17.85 units) or the numeric scoring scale (scores identical, reproducibility coefficient = 0). There was no statistical difference, for either of the observers, when the same portovenogram was assessed on two separate occasions using the visual analog scale (observer 1, p = .35, repeatability coefficient = 17.93 units; observer 2, p = .42, repeatability coefficient = 8.27 units) or the numeric scoring scale (scores given by both observers were identical, repeatability coefficient = 0 for both observers). The results of comparison between the visual analog scale and numeric scoring scale confirmed that the two scoring systems were not directly interchangeable. Although both scoring systems demonstrated good reproducibility and repeatability, the numeric scoring scale possessed a number of inherent deficiencies that suggested it was not the method of choice for the assessment of the subjective data obtained from dynamic intraoperative mesenteric portovenography.     

The landscape ecology of large disturbances in the design and management of nature reserves

Large disturbances such as fires and floods are landscape processes that may alter the structure of landscapes in nature reserves. Landscape structure may in turn influence the viability of species and the functioning of ecosystems. Past reserve design and management strategies have been focussed on species and ecosystems rather than on landscape-scale processes, such as disturbance.An essential feature of a natural disturbance regime is the variation in disturbance attributes (e.g., size, timing, intensity, spatial location). Although some past reserve management policies have included natural disturbances, perpetuating disturbance variation has not been the explicit goal of either reserve design or management.To design a reserve to perpetuate the natural disturbance process requires consideration of: (1) the size of the reserve in relation to maximum expected disturbance size, (2) the location of the reserve in relation to favored disturbance initiation and export zones and in relation to spatial variation in the disturbance regime, and (3) the feasibility of disturbance control at reserve boundaries, or in reserve buffers.Disturbance management possibilities are constrained by the design of the reserve and the reserve goals. Where a natural disturbance regime is not feasible, then it is important that the managed disturbance regime mimic historical variation in disturbance sizes and other attributes as well as possible. Manipulating structure on the landscape scale to restore landscapes thought to have been altered by historical disturbance control is premature given our understanding of spatial disturbance processes in landscapes.     

机器视觉系统在桔瓣质量检测中的应用

开发了一套罐装线实时在线质量检测视觉系统，用于装罐前桔瓣上头发等细长形杂质检测，以保证产品质量。硬件系统采用了6台彩色CCD摄像头，两台计算机的处理结构。软件系统依据杂质和背景在颜色分布及形状大小等特征上的差异进行分离，其核心是一种用于二值图像特征区域提取的新型连通算子—面积重构算子，利用该算子平滑图像时不破坏对象轮廓完整的优点，结合改进的区域生长、区域消减等算法，形成了一套完整的检测算法。试验显示系统处理能力约30片/s，错误率仅2%。该系统能满足实时生产准确性和在线处理的要求，为其实用化、商品化奠定了基础。     

Singular and interactive effects of blowdown, salvage logging, and wildfire in sub-boreal pine systems

The role of disturbance in structuring vegetation is widely recognized; however, we are only beginning to understand the effects of multiple interacting disturbances on ecosystem recovery and development. Of particular interest is the impact of post-disturbance management interventions, particularly in light of the global controversy surrounding the effects of salvage logging on forest ecosystem recovery. Studies of salvage logging impacts have focused on the effects of post-disturbance salvage logging within the context of a single natural disturbance event. There have been no formal evaluations of how these effects may differ when followed in short sequence by a second, high severity natural disturbance. To evaluate the impact of this management practice within the context of multiple disturbances, we examined the structural and woody plant community responses of sub-boreal Pinus banksiana systems to a rapid sequence of disturbances. Specifically, we compared responses to Blowdown (B), Fire (F), Blowdown-Fire, and Blowdown-Salvage-Fire (BSF) and compared these to undisturbed control (C) stands. Comparisons between BF and BSF indicated that the primary effect of salvage logging was a decrease in the abundance of structural legacies, such as downed woody debris and snags. Both of these compound disturbance sequences (BF and BSF), resulted in similar woody plant communities, largely dominated by Populus tremuloides; however, there was greater homogeneity in community composition in salvage logged areas. Areas experiencing solely fire (F stands) were dominated by P. banksiana regeneration, and blowdown areas (B stands) were largely characterized by regeneration from shade tolerant conifer species. Our results suggest that salvage logging impacts on woody plant communities are diminished when followed by a second high severity disturbance; however, impacts on structural legacies persist. Provisions for the retention of snags, downed logs, and surviving trees as part of salvage logging operations will minimize these structural impacts and may allow for greater ecosystem recovery following these disturbance combinations.     

How much variation in tree mortality is predicted by soil and topography in Central Amazonia?

Tree mortality in Amazonia has been related to regional variation in soil, topography and climatic disturbances, but the magnitude of the effect of these factors on tree mortality at local and mesoscales remains poorly determined. We investigated tree mortality in 72 1-ha permanent plots spanning 64 km² of tropical moist forest in Reserva Ducke, Manaus, Brazil. Plots were censused three times (2000-2003, 2003-2005, and 2005-2008), resulting in two census intervals. The relationships of soil and topography to tree mortality were dependent on tree size. Small- and medium-sized trees (1 ? dbh < 30 cm) had similar relationships of mortality with soil and topography, while large trees (dbh ? 30 cm) showed different (or no) relationships. The effects of soil and topography on tree mortality also varied temporally. In the second census interval after storms, soil and topography explained about one-fourth of the spatial variation in mortality of small- and medium-sized trees (<30 cm dbh), whereas no effects were detected in the first census interval. In particular, soil fertility was the most important predictor of tree mortality in the study area. Topography alone (altitude and slope) was associated with only 12% of the spatial variation in tree mortality and the magnitude of the effect of soil and topography on tree mortality also increased after storms. In general, plots on more fertile soils, on steep slopes and sandy soils in valleys showed greater tree mortality than those on plateau with well-drained clayey soils. Therefore, disturbance history and tree size should be included when scaling up tree mortality from local to regional scales. As much variation remains unexplained, other landscape features, such as watershed morphology and wind exposure, may be necessary to make more precise predictions on patterns of tree mortality in Central Amazonia.     

主成分分析法在昆虫目级阶元分类上的应用

根据昆虫图象,对半翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目的28种昆虫提取的形状参数、叶状性、球状性等7项数学形态特征进行了主成分分析,利用主成分分析法所得出的结果与传统分类方法相比较,结果表明:半翅目中除黑哎猎蝽独立外,基本上归属于鞘翅目中,鳞翅目中除棉铃虫独立外,其他昆虫种类仍在一类。这说明主成分分析的分类结果与传统分类有较大的相似性,同时也揭示了传统的分类结果可能存在不足,利用数学形态特征和先进的数学方法对昆虫分类进行研究具有重要的意义。     

No place to nest or bask: Effects of human disturbance on the nesting and basking habits of yellow-blotched map turtles (Graptemys flavimaculata)

Considerable recent attention has focused on how human disturbance alters the behaviour of imperiled taxa. Data on such impacts are common for waterfowl, marine mammals, and some large game animals. However, little is known about how human disturbances affect reptiles, perhaps because most reptiles are secretive and are not commonly seen by the public. We studied the impact of human disturbances on the nesting and basking behaviour of the yellow-blotched map turtle (Graptemys flavimaculata) on the Pascagoula River in southeastern Mississippi, USA. We found that both nesting and basking behaviour of map turtles were altered by human recreational activities. Turtles attempting to nest commonly abandoned their attempts upon the approach of a boat and, prior to nesting, numerous individuals waited several hours near the beach without emerging. Basking turtles frequently dove into the water upon the approach of a boat and some did not return to bask. Anglers in small boats that remained in the vicinity of basking sites caused the most disturbances, whereas personal water crafts (jet skis) caused fewer disturbances. Our data suggest that interruption of nesting activities may have an especially severe impact on the viability of this population through changes in numbers of clutches females are able to lay and altering the microhabitat females select for their nests.     

西藏阿里地区耕地的时空分异特征及其影响因素

研究西藏阿里地区耕地时空分异特征,为阿里土地利用现状、农业用地规划、耕地可持续发展等提供参考。该研究基于Google Earth 高分影像,目视解译获取2005、2013和2020年3期阿里地区耕地数据,运用ArcGIS软件识别耕地时空分异及影响因素。结果发现：1)阿里地区耕地分散破碎,以普兰县西南部和札达县中部的河谷地带较集中,且以小斑块为主。2)在空间分异上,耕地主要分布于海拔3500～4500 m、坡度0～6°、坡向西南方、年均降水量0～25 mm、年均温0～5℃、距道路和河流< 200 m的区域。3)在时间分异上,2005—2020年,耕地面积整体呈增长趋势,集聚区呈多区域化。阿里南部地区增加缓慢甚至有下降趋势,北部地区增加明显。总体而言阿里地区耕地以区位条件和水热条件为基础条件,并受人口数量、非农化发展水平、市场需求等影响存在时空分异特征,且不同地区耕地分布和面积变化存在差异。     

基于改进YOLOv5s和多模态图像的树上毛桃检测

毛桃等果实的准确检测是实现机械化、智能化农艺管理的必要前提。然而,由于光照不均和严重遮挡,在果园中实现毛桃,尤其是套袋毛桃的检测一直面临着挑战。本研究基于改进YOLOv5s和多模态视觉数据提出了面向机械化采摘的毛桃多分类准确检测。具体地,构建了一个多类标签的裸桃和套袋毛桃的RGB-D数据集,包括4127组由消费级RGB-D相机获取的像素对齐的彩色、深度和红外图像。随后,通过引入方向感知和位置敏感的注意力机制,提出了改进的轻量级YOLOv5s（小深度）模型,该模型可以沿一个空间方向捕捉长距离依赖,并沿另一个空间方向保留准确的位置信息,提高毛桃检测精度。同时,通过将卷积操作分解为深度方向的卷积与宽度、高度方向的卷积,使用深度可分离卷积在保持模型检测准确性的同时减少模型的计算量、训练和推理时间。实验结果表明,使用多模态视觉数据的改进YOLOv5s模型在复杂光照和严重遮挡环境下,对裸桃和套袋毛桃的平均精度（Mean Average Precision,mAP）分别为98.6%和88.9%,比仅使用RGB图像提高了5.3%和16.5%,比YOLOv5s提高了2.8%和6.2%。在套袋毛桃检测方面,改进YOLOv5s的mAP比YOLOX-Nano、PP-YOLO-Tiny和EfficientDet-D0分别提升了16.3%、8.1%和4.5%。此外,多模态图像、改进YOLOv5s对提升自然果园中的裸桃和套袋毛桃的准确检测均有贡献,所提出的改进YOLOv5s模型在检测公开数据集中的富士苹果和猕猴桃时,也获得了优于传统方法的结果,验证了所提出的模型具有良好的泛化能力。最后,在主流移动式硬件平台上,改进后的YOLOv5s模型使用五通道多模态图像时检测速度可达每秒19幅,能够实现毛桃的实时检测。上述结果证明了改进的YOLOv5s网络和含多类标签的多模态视觉数据在实现果实自动采摘系统视觉智能方面的应用潜力。     

基于VB的客车底盘总布置参数化设计系统

针对客车底盘设计更新、换型周期短的特点，在建立客车零部件图形库、底盘参数数据库的基础上，基于AutoCAD ActiveX自动化界面技术，用Visual Basic进行AutoCAD二次开发，建立客车底盘参数化总布置绘图系统，即客车产品数据管理系统(简称BPDM)．该系统的研制在一定程度上实现了客车底盘的虚拟设计，可以快速高效地绘制客车底盘总布置图．