The role of lectures in veterinary education

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of lectures from the perspective of staff and students involved in the veterinary course at The University of Queensland. METHODS: The Nominal Group Technique of Delbecq et al, which provides the maximum opportunity for group members to put forward points, was used to help develop a questionnaire which was completed by 351 students (a response rate of 84%) and 35 staff (76%) from the five years of the veterinary course, and was analysed using the SAS System for Windows. RESULTS: Almost all the staff and students agreed that lectures should fulfil many roles including stimulating and motivating students and encouraging them to think, as well as presenting ideas and concepts and an indication of the structure and relevance of the material. They should provide a guide for effective deep learning, but not encourage rote (or superficial) learning. A smaller percentage of staff and even fewer students agreed that lectures did fulfil these roles, especially those directed at encouraging students to look beyond simple memorisation of facts. The perceived disparity between reality and the ideal was greater amongst the older, clinical students than amongst their more junior colleagues. CONCLUSIONS: The focus of attention in lectures needs to change from the superficial, rote learning of information to deep, active learning directed at using information to solve problems that are perceived by the students to be relevant. If done in a stimulating and interesting way, this should develop skills in reasoning and critical analysis as well as providing a framework for storage and recall. It should also increase the motivation towards learning both during the veterinary course, and over the professional lifetime. Furthermore, the place of the lecture in veterinary education needs to be reassessed regularly in the face of newly-emerging educational technology.     

兽药行业的现状与发展展望

从生产能力、企业数量、新药研发评审等总结了国内外兽药行业的现状,并对国内兽药生产企业的研发工作提出了展望。     

Policies for the vaccination of cats and dogs in New Zealand veterinary practices

AIMS: To determine current practices and attitudes towards vaccination of dogs and cats of veterinarians in New Zealand; the methods used for informing clients on which vaccines to use, and the preferred site for vaccination of cats.

METHODS: A postal questionnaire was sent to all 483 listed veterinary practices in New Zealand during February 2012. Some questions were specific to pet dogs, cats, or working farm dogs. Responses were categorised according to practice type and geographical region of the respondent. Factors associated with respondent recommendation of annual vaccination with modified live viral (MLV) vaccines were examined using logistic regression analysis. Vaccines that were considered to be essential for every animal were defined as core; those that may be recommended for animals whose location or lifestyle placed them at risk, were defined as non-core.

RESULTS: There were 204 useable returns, equivalent to a response rate of 42.2%, distributed across the country. Annual vaccination with MLV vaccines of dogs was recommended by 54/198 (27.3%) respondents, and of cats by 107/181 (59.1%) respondents. Factors associated with the recommendation of annual administration of MLV vaccines to dogs included being a companion animal practice, a desire for policies on vaccination to be left to individual clinics, and having one veterinarian in the practice. Administration of the final vaccination for puppies was recommended at ≥14 weeks old by 55/185 (29.7%) respondents, and for kittens at ≥13 weeks old by 42/183 (23%) respondents. Of respondents that administered MLV vaccines annually, 62/103 (60.2%) believed reducing the frequency of vaccination would reduce income, and 52/103 (50.5%) considered it would have a negative effect on animal health. Advice to enable clients to decide which non-core vaccines were administered was given by 181/199 (91%) respondents. Factors considered when recommending a vaccine included consideration of risk to individual patients (190/203; 93.6%), requirements of boarding kennels/catteries (165/203; 81.3%) and clinic vaccination policy (142/203; 70%). The preferred site for administering MLV vaccines to cats was the dorsal neck or inter-scapular region (137/198; 69.2%). Amongst respondents, 18 wanted disease surveillance information to allow for truly informed decisions to be made about vaccination.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Veterinarians can now compare their own vaccination practices and attitudes with those of veterinarians nationally, and internationally. There is a need for national surveillance information and for continued education of the public and commercial kennel and cattery owners for optimal vaccination strategies to be developed.     

中国10个地方鸡种卵壳超微结构研究及聚类分析

对中国 10个地方鸡种卵壳外表面、内表面、横断面和壳膜外表面、内表面的超微结构在扫描电子显微镜下进行了比较研究 ,从而看出鸡种间卵壳结构具有明显差异 ,中国地方鸡种具有遗传多样性。根据遗传距离较近的品种间卵壳的超微结构相似的理论 ,对 10个鸡种的形态结构进行了赋值 ,通过数值分类法进行了遗传相似度的计算和聚类分析 ,从而得出遗传距离最近的是白耳鸡和狼山鸡。     

生长激素对蛋白质动态代谢与氨基酸利用的调控

生长激素是调节动物生长的众多激素中最重要的一种 ,它通过在肌肉与脂肪组织之间极强的营养重分配作用 ,增加体蛋白沉积 ,减少脂肪沉积 ,从而改变这两种组织的生长状况来实现其促生长功能。动物体内蛋白沉积是蛋白合成与降解同时进行的两个过程动态平衡的结果。本文综述了近年来有关生长激素对动物蛋白质动态代谢与氨基酸利用调控方面的研究结果 ,指出生长激素使蛋白质合成与降解速率均增加 ,整体蛋白质周转代谢强度加大 ,从而导致蛋白质沉积增加。     

Intramyocardial haematoma causing right ventricular outflow obstruction after brown snake (Pseudonaja species) envenomation in a dog

A 15-month-old, male neutered Staffordshire Bull Terrier cross was presented to its referring veterinarian collapsed and agonal. He was immediately intubated, manually ventilated, and treatment commenced for presumptive snake envenomation with two vials of Tiger/Multi-Brown Snake Antivenom (minimum 7000 units/vial). The dog was transferred to a referral hospital intubated. Additional diagnostics performed following arrival at the referral hospital included a urine snake venom detection kit test, which was positive for brown snake immunotype. Three additional vials of Tiger/Multi-Brown Snake Antivenom (minimum 7000 units/vial) were administered until the dog was extubated and able to stand. Venom-induced consumptive coagulopathy (VICC) was diagnosed based on prolonged clotting times and scleral haemorrhage. Paroxysms of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) origin ventricular arrhythmias were treated with lignocaine and sotalol. Four days after presentation, a new-grade IV/VI systolic heart murmur was auscultated, prompting an echocardiogram. An anechoic and compartmentalised mass measuring 43 mm × 19 mm was visualized within the right ventricular wall at the RVOT, immediately adjacent to the pulmonic valve. The mass was causing a RVOT obstruction. Its appearance was suggestive of an intramyocardial haematoma, most likely secondary to VICC. The dog remained cardiovascularly stable, and treatment consisted of supportive care. Recheck echocardiograms at 2 and 7 weeks after discharge revealed progressive improvement of the intramyocardial mass and resolution of the associated heart murmur. Although intramyocardial haematomas are rare, it should be considered as a differential in dogs that develop a newly diagnosed heart murmur and/or cardiac arrhythmia following brown snake envenomation.     

肯塔基沙门菌对氟喹诺酮和碳青霉烯类药物耐药性研究进展

肯塔基沙门菌（Salmonella Kentucky）是继鼠伤寒沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌后又一与人类肠道疾病相关的沙门菌血清型,因其获得和传播耐药性的能力较强而逐渐引起关注。该血清型沙门菌按照多位点序列分型分得的众多亚型中,ST198血清亚型具有易获得耐药突变的基因组岛的特性,21世纪以来不断进化,除获得常见抗菌药物耐药基因外,还相继获得对氟喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性并扩散全球,造成临床上难以治疗的病例而引起世界卫生组织的关注。作者整理了肯塔基沙门菌的进化历程,着重阐述肯塔基沙门菌关于氟喹诺酮类及碳青霉烯类药物的耐药情况及耐药机制,以期为中国沙门菌的实验室防控监测系统提供理论依据。     

我国兽药科技创新及成果转化的实践与问题研究

在问卷调查和数据统计的基础上,分析了我国兽药科技创新主体、创新模式、国家课题安排、成果转化情况,总结了兽药科技成果转化实践经验,探讨了现有体制机制下兽药科技创新与科技成果转化存在的问题并提出建议,以期为相关工作提供参考。     

兽用生物制品的运输、贮存与使用

对兽用生物制品的命名作了概述,并对免疫预防用制品、诊断用制品、治疗用制品的运输、贮存与使用分别进行了阐述,同时对改善我国兽用生物制品的监管提出了建议。     

缓释复方免疫增强剂有效药物释放量及安全性试验

将100只14日龄健康肉杂仔鸡随机分成A、B、C、D、E 5个试验组,每组20只鸡,A、B、C、D 4组为试验组,E组为对照组。A、B、C 3组试验鸡每只分别投服批号为0308、0312、0402的缓释复方免疫增强剂1粒,进行有效药物释放量测定试验,试验结果表明,药物投服后日均磨损量20d前为6.2~6.7 mg,30 d前为6.0~6.3 mg,日均药物有效释放量为2.40~2.52 mg,经方差分析,批间差异不显著(P0.05),均在有效剂量之间,药物的有效释放期均在30 d以上。D组试验鸡每只投服缓释复方免疫增强剂3粒,进行有效药物安全性试验,试验结果表明,仔鸡投服后食、饮欲正常,精神状态良好,与对照组鸡相比未发现任何不良反应,从而说明该缓释制剂在鸡体内是安全有效的。