土壤溶质运移研究动态及展望

土壤溶质运移的研究是目前土壤物理学、环境科学和农业灌溉学的重要研究领域 ,本文根据国内外学者对土壤溶质运移转化方面的研究成果 ,综述了土壤溶质运移研究中的优势流、模型的建立、新的研究手段的采用以及方程参数的确定 ,并简要讨论了土壤溶质运移的发展趋势。     

溶质施加方式对土壤溶质迁移的影响

通过室内均质土柱试验 ,对不同灌水处理土壤中表施和灌施溶质的迁移规律进行了研究。结果表明 ,溶质施加方式和灌水频率对溶质迁移影响较大。次灌水量较大时 ,表施和灌施条件下溶质分布差异显著 ;当次灌水量很小且灌水非常频繁时 (如 6mm/ d) ,表施和灌施土壤中溶质 (NO- 3)分布差异不大。     

灌水量对膜孔灌农田水分运移分布和动态变化影响研究

通过室外测坑灌溉试验,分析了灌水量对膜孔灌玉米不同生育时期的土壤水分运移分布和动态变化的影响。研究表明,灌水后第1天,土壤含水率以膜孔为中心呈等值线分布,土壤水分在再分布过程中出现交汇情况,交汇后土壤水分向更深度方向运移;随着生育时期的递进,膜孔中心附近的土壤含水率逐渐减小,土壤含水率在膜孔中心处最小,随着距离膜孔中心距离的增大而增大;不同灌水量对作物吸收水分后水分分布影响明显,相同深度处,灌水量越大,土壤含水率越大;玉米耗水量随灌水量增大而增大,耗水量和灌水量之间存在显著的幂函数关系。     

A morphological approach to understanding preferential flow using image analysis with dye tracers and X-ray Computed Tomography

A key problem facing soil physics and hydropedology at present is some of the standard theories of water flow in soils do not fully reflect the processes at the pore scale, and thus, cannot be adequately used for prediction. As such, examination of soil structure is vital for hydropedologists. Realisation that solutes move preferentially through soil into groundwaters has meant research in this area has increased in importance. This paper describes a multi-scale approach to analyse transport mechanisms using visualisation techniques. Chloride and Brilliant Blue tracers were applied to undisturbed soil cores to examine the physical and morphological properties associated with preferential flow in a range of soil types. Following collection of serial digital images, it was possible to examine and quantify the nature of active water flow mechanisms in terms of both dye-stained pathways and spatial distribution of dye concentration, using image analysis. Preferential flow linked to water potential and soil structural discontinuity was observed in all but the coarsest textured soil which conformed to uniform flow theory. A high level of variability in flow patterns was noted between the soil types. Such information as to how a soil dynamically re-wets is key for hydropedologists involved in applications such as pollution modelling. This is especially significant when considering a wetting mechanism, such as preferential flow, that cannot be adequately described by conventional soil physics.     

Spatial and temporal variability of sediment and dissolved loads from two alpine watersheds of the Lesser Himalayas

Estimation of sediment load from Himalayan basins is of considerable importance for the planning, designing, installation and operation of hydro-power projects, including management of reservoirs. In the present study, an assessment of physical and chemical load, sediment yield and erosion rate has been undertaken at eight different locations in the Sainj and Tirthan watersheds. The analysis revealed that the maximum load was transferred during the monsoon season. Moreover, the estimated average chemical erosion rate of the Sainj (83 t km^− 2 yr^− 1) and Tirthan (80 t km^− 2 yr^− 1) watersheds were higher than that of the Indian average (69 t km^− 2 yr^− 1) representing all the rivers. Both watersheds were eroding physically and chemically at a faster rate than that of the world global average erosion rate (185 t km^− 2 yr^− 1). The flattish nature of the channels in some segments of these watersheds showed a lower transport of sediments, where as the constricted segments having steep bed slopes increased the velocity of flow and the sediment transport rate. These findings have important implications for water resource management in the context of sediments mobilization, erosion, channel management, ecological functions and operation of the hydro-power projects in the Lesser Himalayan region.     

干旱状况下小区域灌溉冬小麦农田生态系统水热传输

该文采用涡度相关技术测定小区域灌溉冬小麦农田实际蒸散量和农田能量平衡各分量,分析表征农田地表获取能量再分配经典参数Priestly-Taylor系数（α=LE/LEeq）的变化特征。结果表明,在华北地区冬小麦返青至成熟期内,日变化过程中白天时间段内, Priestley-Taylor系数呈“U”型变化趋势,7︰00～18︰00 时刻内,α平均值为（1.324±0.334）,正午前后保持在1.05～1.17之间。 在冬小麦生育期季节变化过程中,Priestley-Taylor系数（α）平均值为（1.473±0.454）,远高于在湿润下垫面时（α＝1.26）的数值,在抽穗开花期内土壤水分充足时α最大值为2.317,拔节时期土壤水分胁迫时α值为0.410。干旱少雨状况下,进行小面积充分灌溉时,由于存在农田热平流现象将导致过多的蒸发蒸腾水分耗散,降低农田灌溉水的利用效率。     

黄土坡面细沟径流输沙对水动力学参数的响应

细沟径流输沙是细沟侵蚀产沙的重要过程,阐明细沟径流输沙与水动力学参数之间的关系可以有效地揭示细沟径流输沙的动力学机制,并为建立细沟侵蚀过程物理模型奠定基础。采用具有定流量人工放水的组合小区模拟降雨试验,研究黄土坡面细沟径流输沙对水动力学参数的响应关系。结果表明:1)一次降雨径流产生的细沟输沙模数对水动力学参数平均值响应关系大小顺序为平均水流断面单位能量(R=0.99)>平均水流功率(R=0.88)>平均水流切应力(R=0.82)>平均单位水流功率(R=0.76);2)降雨径流过程中,细沟输沙率对水动力学参数瞬时值响应关系为水流切应力(R=0.88)>水流功率(R=0.47),水流断面单位能量和单位水流功率的相关性较差,细沟输沙率对水流切应力的响应关系呈幂函数方程关系。     

基于轮毂电机驱动的山地林果茶园轮式运输车设计与试验

针对南方丘陵山地林果茶园复杂的地形地貌特点,在集中式电机驱动运输车基础上,开发了以轮毂电机驱动的山地林果茶园运输车;该运输车以36 V铅酸蓄电池为能源,采用双后轮独立驱动方式并具备电子差速转向系统。运输车最大爬坡度、续驶里程试验、差速及制动性能等关键指标性能试验结果显示：运输车满载最大爬坡度为15°,最小转弯半径为2 395 mm,空载和满载状态下以常用车速 20 km/h 行驶时平均里程分别可达 66.97和46.33 km;满载时运输车分别以初速度25、20、15、10 km/h行驶时的紧急制动距离分别为5.83、4.11、2.68、1.57 m,试验值与理论值的最大相对误差为8.2%;运输车还具备良好的差速转向性能。     

芒果采后生物学及贮运保鲜技术研究进展

芒果为呼吸跃变型果实,采后迅速后熟,6～8 d便出现乙烯高峰,随后逐渐出现炭疽病、蒂腐病,果实耐贮藏性和抗病性显著下降.芒果贮运保鲜技术主要在于控制果实的后熟进程和腐烂发生.评述了近年来芒果采后生理、采后病害和贮运保鲜技术等方面的研究进展,展望了新的研究方向,并提出了乙烯受体抑制剂在芒果采后贮运保鲜上的应用前景.     

运输应激猪骨骼肌中热应激蛋白HSP70和HSP90家族的表达

利用Western blot技术，检测长途运输试验猪骨骼肌（背最长肌和臀长肌）中分属于HSP70家族和HSP90家族的4种应激蛋白（HSP70，HSP72，HSP86和HSP90）的表达，所有运输应激猪和对照猪肌肉组织 中均检测到了上述4种HSP，对照猪组织中HSP的表达说明HSP除了在受应激 的细胞内行使生理功能外，还具有独立于应激刺激应答以外的其它作用，6h长途运输后，HSP的表达量明显不同，HSP70和HSP72在肌肉组织中的表达虽然有一定的增加，但统计学分析差异不显（P＞0．05），而HSP86和HSP90在骨髓肌中的表达明显下降，尤以HSP90下降最显（P＜0．01），提示HSP90家族成员与肉品品质相关，可能作为判应激损伤的的指征。