流域输沙函数应用的尺度限制

阐述了在流域产沙预测模型研究中,将试验水平范围的输沙函数的运用范围扩大,产生了数据来源的不确定性或错误的原因在于:模型不完善、重要过程的省略、初始条件的缺乏、初始条件的敏感度、异质性问题、外部动力等。数据来源的不确定性在小尺度、短时间内是能够控制的。大尺度的异质性是使得输沙函数不能仅仅建立在数量化的基础上,而应是系统历史的函数。因此,大尺度的流域产沙模型必须建立在突变量的发现及其相应的动力特征基础上,而不应是试验模型按比例放大。     

Tracing Pharmaceuticals in the Unsaturated Zone (10 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   One of the first occurrences of pharmaceutically active compounds in groundwater was reported from the sewage irrigation farms south of Berlin. At these sewage irrigation farms treated sewage effluent passed the soil and unsaturated zone before reaching the aquifer. Clofibric acid was detected in pore water from soils of those sewage irrigation farms in concentrations between 65 ng/L and 1430 ng/L. The aim of this study was to investigate the transport behavior of regularly detected clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and propyphenazone under conditions comparable to those at the sewage irrigation farms in a multiple compound sand column laboratory experiment. Materials and Methods   Sediment column experiments were conducted to study the transport of pharmaceuticals in the unsaturated zone. The migration was measured in fine to medium grained sand and leaching solution containing 1 mg/L of pharmaceutically active compounds and 61 mg/L of the tracer lithium chloride (LiCl). For the analysis of the pharmaceutical compounds the water samples were adjusted to a pH value of 2 and then extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Before extraction, the samples were spiked with a surrogate standard for analytical quality control. The sample extracts were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with selected ion monitoring (SIM). Depending on the sample volume (100 to 200 mL) and the matrix, the limits of detection were between 1 and 10 ng/L, and the limits of quantitation were between 5 and 25 ng/L. Analysis for calcium, magnesium and lithium were carried out using a 'Trace Scan' ICP-AES from Thermo Jarrel Ash. Sodium, potassium, iron and manganese were analyzed using a Philips PU 9400 flame AAS. Analysis of anions was performed on a Dionex ion chromatograph DX 120. Results   At the sewage irrigation farms the average concentrations of clofibric acid in the unsaturated zone declined from higher values near ground surface (480 ng/L) to lower values near the groundwater table (65 ng/L). From the pharmaceuticals analyzed only clofibric acid, primidone and propyphenazone could be analyzed in the first (upper) aquifer at the sewage irrigation farms. All other pharmaceuticals could neither be detected in the first aquifer nor in the deeper aquifers. Breakthrough curves from soil column experiments revealed no transformation and no retardation for clofibric acid, whereas transformation of diclofenac was so high (79%) that no retardation factor could be calculated. Ibuprofen was significantly transformed (37%), transformation of propyphenazone (17%) was quite low and retardation (Rf = 2.05) was in the range of previously conducted column experiments. Discussion   The results confirm previously conducted experiments with clofibric acid where this compound was identified as highly mobile and persistent. The results that diclofenac and ibuprofen are significantly transformed where unexpected as other studies exhibited much lower transformation under saturated conditions at least for diclofenac. However, lower pH values and higher oxygen contents in the unsaturated zone compared to the aquifer may explain this observed high transformation of these compounds at the column experiments. Conclusions   We conclude that irrigation with sewage effluent containing the compounds used in our experiments will lead to an input into groundwater of clofibric acid, whereas diclofenac and ibuprofen will most likely be transformed during the passage. Propyphenazone will be retarded but will most likely occur in groundwater. These results from the column experiments coincide very well with the occurrence of the pharmaceuticals clofibric acid, primidone, and propyphenazone in the first aquifer. Recommendations and Perspective  : The results underline the need to study the sorption of pharmaceuticals on various materials. e.g. organic matter, surfaces at pH values occurring in the unsaturated zone. Future field studies will also include the investigation of desorption behavior in the unsaturated zone.     

黄土高原坡耕地泥沙输移特征分析

在野外利用人工模拟降雨试验,分析了20,40,60m坡长下的输沙率、含沙量及累积产沙量—径流量的变化特征。结果显示,当雨强小于2.0mm/min时,最大输沙率出现在40m坡长;而当雨强大于2.0mm/min时,最大输沙率出现在60m坡长。在试验雨强范围内,最大含沙量总是出现在20m坡长。累积产沙量—径流量随时间变化趋于平稳。试验结果表明,为遏制黄土高原坡耕地水土流失,实践中应采取垄作等措施增加坡面糙度和改变坡面形态,防止在20m坡长形成高含沙水流和后续坡长的输沙率。     

黄土高原不同土壤类型对桃树水分运转影响的模拟

根据不同土壤的水分特征曲线、气孔导度模型、冠层蒸腾模型和RC模型模拟出黄土高原不同土壤类型下桃树(Prunus persicavar.nectarina Maxim)的水分运转动态。在逐步干旱过程中各类土壤维持桃树蒸腾的时间和桃树散失的水分总量均依次为中壤土>轻壤土>紧砂土>重壤土,中壤土的保水能力最好,重壤土的可利用水最少,中壤土维持蒸腾的时间最长,但中壤土、轻壤土和紧砂土之间的保水能力与维持蒸腾的时间无显著差异。在整个干旱周期过程中气孔导度、叶片水势和组织贮存水均呈波动式减小,其总体趋势与土壤水势相一致。     

Relative efficiency,ureide transport and harvest index in soybeans inoculated with isogenic HUP mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Summary Differences between isogenic uptake hydrogenase (HUP) mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in terms of nodule efficiency, N₂ fixation and N incorporation into various plant parts were studied in a monoxenic greenhouse experiment in order to confirm previous results with soybeans and beans inoculated with various HUP⁺ and HUP^– strains. The HUP+ revertant PJ17-1 of a HUP^– mutant (PJ17) of strain USDA DES 122 showed a completely restored relative efficiency (100% versus 78±2% for the HUP^– mutant), higher nodule efficiency (N₂ fixed per g nodules), higher ureide-N transport rates, higher N contents in pods and higher N harvest indices. All these observations confirm previous experiments with HUP⁺ and HUP^– strains.     

阿特拉津在饱和砂质壤土中非平衡运移的模拟

针对农药阿特拉津在稳定流场饱和砂质壤土中的运移 ,根据平衡与非平衡假设条件下对流—弥散方程数学模型的解析解 ,基于易混合置换实验获得的阿特拉津和示踪溶质Br- 的穿透曲线及批量平衡法求得的阻滞因子 ,应用CXTFIT 2 0软件 ,通过拟合土柱实验中溶质的出流浓度变化 ,估算了模型的有关参数 ,在此基础上模拟分析了实验土柱不同埋深处阿特拉津的出流浓度和累积淋溶量动态 ,结果表明 ,化学非平衡的两点模型对本文实验条件下阿特拉津运移的仿真具有较高的精度     

套种模式下不同灌水方式对玉米根系区土壤水盐 运移及产量的影响

套种模式下,采用玉米沟灌和常规畦灌两种灌水方式,对其各生育期内根系区灌水前及收获前的土壤水分、盐分的运移规律进行试验研究,旨在分析盐碱地条件下两种灌水方式对玉米产量的影响。结果表明:沟灌条件下玉米的根系区要经历一个较常规畦灌更长的低水分阶段;两种灌水方式下玉米根系区灌前各土层含水率均呈"S"形变化规律;低水分条件下沟灌较常规畦灌对于降低土壤盐分具有更好的效果;沟灌条件下,玉米土壤含盐量呈现出近"倒V"形变化规律,开沟起垄后盐分的积累是造成玉米减产的主导因素;开沟后土壤毛管断裂是造成出苗率低的直接原因;虽然沟灌较常规畦灌玉米产量降低3.93%,但综合水分利用效率高48.17%,综合节水30%。因此,综合考虑,如果制定合理的灌溉制度和种植管理模式,玉米沟灌的灌水方式在河套灌区有较好的应用前景。     

Soil translocation resulting from multiple passes of tillage under normal field operating conditions

Until now, most tillage erosion experiments were conducted under controlled soil and operating conditions. However, soil condition, tillage depth, speed and direction generally show substantial within-field variation. In this study, a series of tillage experiments were set up to investigate the erosivity of tillage under normal operating conditions. The effect of a typical tillage sequence, including multiple mouldboard, chisel and harrow passes, on soil translocation and tillage erosion was studied during a period of 3 years. Soil translocation in excess of 10 m was observed while the average net translocation rates ranged between 0 and 0.9 m. The results suggest that the annual tillage transport coefficient, associated with mechanized agriculture, is in the order of 781 kg m⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The experimental results also show that the tillage transport coefficient of a sequence of tillage operations can be reasonably well predicted from information provided by the farmer and by summing the transport coefficients obtained from controlled, single pass experiments. However, a Monte Carlo simulation showed that a relatively high number of tillage operations are required to obtain accurate estimates of the tillage transport coefficients in multiple pass experiments.     

Ion Transport Dynamics in Acid Variable Charge Subsoils

This is a mini-review of the research work conducted by the authors with the objective of studying ion transport in variable charge subsoils collected from different areas around the world. An attempt is made in these studies to relate the unique behavior manifested during ionic transport in these subsoils with their mineralogical, physical and chemical properties, which are markedly different from those in soils from temperate regions. The variable charge subsoils have a relatively high salt sorption capacity and anion exchange capacity (AEC) that retards anions downward movement. The AEC correlates closely with the anion retardation coefficients. Ca²⁺ applied with gypsum in topsoil may be transported to the subsoil and may improve the subsoil chemical properties. These results may help in developing appropriate management strategies under a range of mineralogical, physical, and chemical conditions.