Simultaneous measurements of quantum yield and CO2 uptake for the assessment of non-assimilative electron flow in tree leaves

Using attached and detached leaves ofAcer palmatum Thunb. andRhaphiolepsis umbellata Makino, pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence and CO₂ exchange were measured. Quantum yield of photosynthesis was determined from the fluorescence parameter(Fm′−Fs)/Fm′, where (Fm′−Fs) was defined as the difference between steady state chlorophyll fluorescence (Fs) and maximum fluorescence (Fm′) elicited by a saturating light pulse. The rate of electron transport through photosystem II (total electron flow) was calculated from the product of quantum yield andA (PFD), whereA is the rate of absorbed photons as given by leaf absorptance, and PFD is the photon flux density at the leaf surface. The rate of electron transport dependant on CO₂ uptake (assimilative electron flow) was calculated from the gross photosynthetic rate in a leaf. The difference between the rates of total and assimilative electron transport was denoted as the rate of non-assimilative electron transport which depends on photorespiration and oxygen reduction. Available data provided quantitative information on the rate of non-assimilative electron flow in intact leaves. When leaf photosynthesis ofA. palmatum was measured under sunlight, the rates of total and assimilative electron transport were determined to be approximately 900 and 150 μmol equiv. e/mg Chl·h, respectively. The difference (750 μmol equiv. e/mg Chl·h) was attributed to the activity of non-assimilative electron flow. The ratio of total to assimilative electron flow was found to increase gradually with rising in irradiance. The results suggest that non-assimilative electron flow occurred at much higher rate than assimilative electron flow at high irradiance. Implications of the results are briefly discussed in relation to photosynthesis limitation in tree leaves.     

动物运输应激源与应激反应影响因子研究进展

动物的运输是畜牧业的重要生产环节,但运输活动带来的动物福利问题也越来越受到关注。开展动物运输应激源和应激反应影响因子的研究,对深入认识动物运输应激本质和提出解决方案乃至相关立法具有重要意义。论文对前人开展的动物运输应激源(拥挤、禁食禁水、气温、装卸、颠簸等)的分离研究和应激反应影响因子(运输距离和运输时间、年龄和经验、性情、恐惧信息素)的研究进行了回顾整理,并分析了争议的原因,为动物运输应激领域研究提供参考或指出新的研究方向。     

变温度-风速模拟条件下微润灌工况自适应调节机理

通过模拟光照、吹风改变蒸发强度,对比分析了4种蒸发条件(CK、光照(L)、吹风(W)、光照+吹风(LW))下微润灌入渗速率以及湿润体变化特征。结果表明,常温下微润灌累积入渗量与时间呈显著线性相关关系(决定系数R²>0.99),符合Philip入渗模型水平吸渗项入渗规律;微润管出流速率因多孔介质管壁穿透入渗、管周土壤水分入渗分别随时间呈现出初期骤增、线性减小的演变规律;改变上边界条件后各处理蒸发均显著增大,然而入渗速率只随温度增加而提高,吹风带走土表热量,入渗速率反而减小;光照期间,L、LW处理入渗速率分别增长56.56%、29.51%;撤去光照2 h后,LW处理蒸发强度不变,入渗速率骤降5.90%,揭示了微润灌对温度响应的敏感性远高于上边界蒸发。湿润锋运移距离与时间呈显著幂函数关系,温度提高后入渗速率增加促进了湿润锋运移,温差和重力势共同驱动下水分向背离热源方向移动,光照处理中湿润锋水平运移距离D_horiz、垂直向下运移距离D_down较预测值分别增长75.81%、99.30%。该研究揭示了源于辐射的地温变化在微润灌...     

AMF根外菌丝对重金属铅的吸收与转运

【目的】探讨丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi,AMF）异形根孢囊霉（Rhizophagus irregularis,Ri）和摩西斗管囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae,Fm）根外菌丝对重金属铅的吸收及转运能力,为明确AMF根外菌丝的铅转运能力提供依据。【方法】以菌根植物蒺藜苜蓿（Medicago truncatula,寄主）和非菌根植物油菜（Brassica napus）为试验材料,采用三室培养系统（菌根室-施铅室-非菌根室）进行研究,其中菌根室种植蒺藜苜蓿并进行AMF处理,包括接种Ri、Fm和未接种对照（CK）3个处理;施铅室（中间隔室）设置0和800 mg/kg 2个铅处理;非菌根室种植油菜,试验共设CK、Ri、Fm、Pb、Ri×Pb、Fm×Pb 6个处理,研究铅胁迫下2种AMF根外菌丝对植物生长及铅离子富集的影响。【结果】（1）与CK处理比,Ri和Fm处理蒺藜苜蓿总生物量分别提高了43.55%和256.98%,铅胁迫对Ri和Fm处理蒺藜苜蓿的生物量无显著影响。（2）0 mg/kg 铅胁迫下,2种AMF均能够与蒺藜苜蓿形成良好共生关系,Fm和Ri处理菌根侵染率达到90%以上。Fm和Fm×Pb处理侵染根段丛枝丰度分别是Ri和Ri×Pb处理的8.75和2.51倍。（3）与Ri处理比,Ri×Pb处理菌根室培养基质中菌丝密度显著提高231.57%,施铅室培养基质中菌丝密度显著降低49.56%;与Fm处理比,Fm×Pb处理菌根室培养基质中菌丝密度提高314.09%,施铅室培养基质中菌丝密度降低21.09%。（4）Ri×Pb、Fm×Pb处理蒺藜苜蓿地上部铅含量分别是CK处理的3.60和8.45倍,根系铅含量分别是CK处理的7.45和217.87倍;Fm×Pb处理油菜根系铅含量是CK处理的62.15倍。【结论】AMF根外菌丝能够直接吸收并转运铅至寄主植物根部,并可能借由“外排”效应将铅运输至非菌根植物根系,且Fm促进植物生长及根外菌丝吸收转运铅的能力显著高于Ri。     

石墨烯对喹诺酮在饱和多孔介质中运移的影响

为研究石墨烯（Graphene,GN）对喹诺酮类抗生素在地下水中运移的影响,以环丙沙星（Ciprofloxacin,CIP）和诺氟沙星（Norfloxacin,NOR）作为两种典型的喹诺酮类抗生素污染物,通过批量吸附实验和砂柱实验研究GN对CIP和NOR在饱和多孔介质中运移的影响。吸附实验结果表明,GN对两种抗生素污染物均具有较好的吸附性能,GN对CIP和NOR的Langmuir最大吸附容量分别为270.68 mg·g^-1和178.36 mg·g^-1。砂柱实验结果表明：随着多孔介质中GN含量从10 mg增加到80 mg,CIP和NOR在一维砂柱中的迁移能力降低;随着流速和电解质浓度（Na⁺和Ca²⁺）的增大,回收率逐步升高,CIP和NOR的运移能力也逐步增强。根据BDST模型对不同条件下的CIP和NOR在一维砂柱中的运移过程进行了模拟和预测,模型对穿透时间的预测值与实验值接近,表明BDST模型能较好地预测多孔介质中GN对CIP和NOR迁移能力的影响。     

坛紫菜自由丝状体对无机碳的利用

Free-living Porphyra haitanensis conchocelis was cultured under continual light,then it was treated with Van,DIDS and SITS,the inhibitors of inorganic carbon utilization,to study the mechanism of inorganic carbon utilization in the conchocelis.The results indicate that Van inhibits the utilization of inorganic carbon most,with a rate of 71.3%,and the rates of DIDS and SITS are relatively lower,42% and 35.5% respectively.The inhibition rate of Az is 25.3%,which indicates the external CA is not an important part of its inorganic carbon uptake.A complementary conclusion is that the main part of inorganic carbon absorption in P.haitanensis conchocelis is through active transport of HCO3^- and CO2.     

Modeling the egg and larval transport pathways of the Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) in the East Antarctic region: New insights into successful transport connections

The Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) is an important fishery species widely distributed in the Southern Ocean, especially in areas covered by sea ice. Understanding fish distributions and life cycles, including the transport and survival of eggs and larvae, is essential for the assessment and sustainable management of the fishery. However, owing to difficulties with in situ winter observations, information on the early life stages of D. mawsoni is lacking. Here, we investigated the transport pathways of fish eggs and larvae through a particle tracking study, using satellite-derived ocean surface velocities in the East Antarctic region, which includes important D. mawsoni habitats and exploratory fisheries. Our results indicate that particles released from continental slopes are more likely to be successfully transported to suitable settlement grounds than those released from the BANZARE Bank (the southern region of the Kerguelen Plateau), which is situated further north and has been hypothesized to be a potential spawning ground for D. mawsoni. This study demonstrates successful source–settlement connections in relation to ocean recirculation and suggests important settlement regions for D. mawsoni larvae in the East Antarctic region.     

Reduction of transport stress of ayu by obligated schooling

We investigated stress responses of ayu Plecoglossus altivelis under the hypothesis that overcrowding during transport can be a stressor and the stress predisposes fish to disease by decline in immunocompetence. The extent of stress response was determined under different fish densities. As inferred from the serum concentration of cortisol 1 day after the treatment, the density at more than 23 kg/m³, which was within the range of normal transporting procedures, acutely evoked intense stress responses. To examine a possible way to reduce the stress response of fish under crowding conditions, we compared two fish groups established in water tanks with circulating (whirling) and turbulent currents at the same density. The cortisol levels 1 day after the treatment were 2.5-fold higher in turbulent current than in whirling current. Fish in whirling current formed a school, while those in turbulent current aggregated with each other. Schooling of fish induced by water flow may reduce their stress responses during transport. A transport system with a directional water flow should keep fish in good condition without reducing the number of fish contained.     

Modelling the transport of particles in the North Sea with reference to sandeel larvae

The transport of particles representing sandeel larvae in the North Sea is simulated with a three-dimensional circulation model for the years 1976 to 1990. A great year-to-year variability in drift patterns is demonstrated. The results may explain some of the observed differences in recruitment between the main sandeel areas in the North Sea. In the northern sandeel area it seems that strong year classes are unlikely if the retention due to unfavourable currents is poor, and that a high retention in the summer may favour a good year class. In the southern sandeel area no clear coupling between year class strength and larval drift is found, possibly because the retention always seems large enough for a potentially good year class. For more quantitative use of such models in relation to sandeel recruitment, more biological knowledge is obviously needed on larval vertical distribution and timing of sandeel hatching and settling.     

Prematurational Culture with 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine Synchronizes Meiotic Progression of the Germinal Vesicle Stage and Improves Nuclear Maturation and Embryonic Development in In Vitro-grown Bovine Oocytes

The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of prematurational culture (pre-IVM) supplemented with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) on nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of in vitro-grown bovine oocytes. In experiment 1, oocytes (95 μm in diameter) derived from early antral follicles (0.5–1 mm in diameter) were cultured for 12 days for in vitro growth (IVG). IVG oocytes with a normal appearance were subjected to examinations of diameter and chromatin structure in the germinal vesicle (GV) before IVM. In addition, percentages of metaphase II (M II) were examined after IVM. Regardless of pre-IVM, the mean diameters of IVG oocytes were about 115 μm. The proportions of GV3 (50.0%) and M II stages (80.1%) of IVG oocytes with pre-IVM were higher than those without pre-IVM (28.0 and 49.4%, respectively). In experiment 2, the fertilizability and developmental competence of IVG oocytes were examined. Regardless of pre-IVM, the normal fertilization rates of IVG oocytes were similar (around 70%) but were lower than that of in vivo-grown oocytes (88.0%). Cleavage and blastocyst rates of IVG oocytes with pre-IVM (63.0 and 26.1%, respectively) were higher than those without pre-IVM (45.8 and 12.7%, respectively). The blastocyst rate based on cleaved IVG oocytes with pre-IVM (41.7%) was similar to that of in vivo-grown oocytes (48.7%), although the cleavage rate of IVG oocytes with pre-IVM was lower than that of in vivo-grown oocytes. In conclusion, pre-IVM with IBMX improved the maturational and developmental competences of IVG oocytes, probably due to promotion of their chromatin transition and synchronization of meiotic progression.