民勤绿洲外围不同下垫面条件下风沙流流量的观测

对民勤绿洲外围特定环境背景条件下无盖度流动沙丘、白刺平坦砾质沙地、白刺沙包、梭梭林地、麦草沙障、尼龙网沙障以及粘土沙障的风沙流流量进行了实地观测和对比研究.结果表明.无盖度流动沙丘扣白刺平坦砾质沙地上风速(v)与0～50 cm输沙率Q(g·cm-1·min-1)之间的数学关系曲线都遵循幂函数曲线(p=avb),它们的风沙流总流量分布均为沙丘顶部>沙丘中部>沙丘底部;白刺沙包从全年度风沙流总流量来看:Q 背风坡底部>Q 迎风坡底部>Q 顶部,且白刺沙包上白刺的盖度对风沙流流量影响显著;从防风固沙的效果来看,尼龙网沙障的防沙能力最好,麦草沙障次之,粘土沙障最弱;在梭梭林地上,随着疏透度的增大.风沙流流量成多项式0=1 992L2-6 522.7L+5 914.3(R2=0.976 7)或指数函数Q=412.38e0.7877L(R2=0.912 7)递增;从测定的全年度风沙流总流量看,无盖度流动沙丘>白刺平坦砾质沙地>梭梭林>白刺包>粘土沙障.     

Degradation and sorption of atrazine, hexazinone and procymidone in coastal sand aquifer media

The degradation, sorption and transport of atrazine, hexazinone and procymidone in saturated coastal sand aquifer media were investigated in batch and column experiments. The pesticides were incubated with sterilised and non-sterilised groundwater or a mixture of groundwater and the aquifer material in the dark at 15 degrees C for 120 days. The estimated half-lives of the pesticides (and their ranges) in the mixture of groundwater and aquifer sand were 36 (31-40), 54 (40-77) and 84 (46-260) days for atrazine, procymidone and hexazinone, respectively. Compared with the relevant results for the groundwater-sand mixture phase, the estimated half-life of pesticides in the groundwater phase alone was shorter for procymidone (21 days) but longer for hexazinone (134 days); atrazine was not degraded in the groundwater phase. Chemical degradation appeared to have played the predominant role in the degradation of hexazinone and procymidone in the aquifer system, while both chemical and biological processes seemed to be important for the degradation of atrazine. Batch isothermal experiments were carried out at pH 4.6-4.7 to obtain sorption coefficients under equilibrium conditions. The isothermal data of the pesticides fitted well with the non-linear Freundlich function with an exponent of sorption coefficient that was greater than one. Contrary to reports in the literature, sorption of atrazine was the greatest, and procymidone was slightly more sorbed than hexazinone. A column experiment was conducted at a typical field-flow velocity of 0.5 m day(-1) over 60 days to study pesticide attenuation and transport in flow dynamic conditions. Retardation factors, R, derived from a two-site sorption/desorption model were 8.22, 1.76 and 1.63 for atrazine, procymidone and hexazinone, respectively. Atrazine displayed the lowest mobility and the mobility of procymidone was only slightly less than that of hexazinone, which is consistent with observations in the batch experiment. A possible explanation for these observations is that ionic atrazine is bound to oppositely charged ionic oxides, and ionic oxides have less effect on the sorption of the non-ionic procymidone. The significant tailing in the pesticide breakthrough curves (BTCs) in comparison with the bromide BTC, together with model-simulated results, suggests that the transport of the pesticides was under chemical non-equilibrium conditions with R values that were less than their equivalent values predicted using the batch equilibrium isothermal data. As a result of non-linear kinetic sorption, retardation factors of the pesticides in groundwater systems would not be constant and will decrease with decreasing pesticide concentrations and increasing flow velocities. Hence, the use of equilibrium isotherm data will probably over-predict the sorption of pesticides in groundwater systems. Rhodamine WT, a commonly used groundwater tracer, was significantly retarded (R = 5.48) and its BTC was much more spread out than the bromide BTC. Therefore, it would not be a good tracer for the indication of groundwater flow velocity and dispersion for the coastal sand aquifer system. In contrast to some aquifer media, the dye tracer was unsuitable as a marker of the appearance of atrazine in a coastal sand aquifer system.     

基于路阻函数的旅游交通可达性研究——以新疆3A级及以上级别景区为例

基于路阻函数,对栅格成本加权距离法进行了一定的改进,在此基础上,以新疆123个3A级及以上级别景区为例,对其旅游交通可达性进行了测算,并以地州和县级行政单元为单位,研究改进前后两种算法结果的差异。结果显示:改进后,由于加入了运费、交通费和实际车速等因子,使得栅格成本加权距离成本更加贴近地区的自然和社会经济发展状况,弥补了改进前单一考虑设计时速因子所带来的缺陷;改进后可达性的空间分布形态从改进前的西北—东南向的对角线式分布形态,转变为西北—东南向的三级阶梯状分布形态。     

回流滴灌系统泥沙输移及抗堵塞性能研究

为探究在传统支状滴灌系统末端设置回流管后滴灌系统毛管主流流速增加后回流滴灌系统的输沙排沙潜力及其抗堵塞性能,通过周期滴灌实验分析回流滴灌系统的灌水均匀系数以及滴头堵塞情况,并对毛管内沉积泥沙分布特点和系统各部分输沙排沙所占比重进行分析。实验结果表明:0.035 m·s~(-1)回流、0.05 m·s~(-1)回流滴灌系统的灌水均匀系数、滴头堵塞数量均明显优于支状滴灌系统。回流流速为0.05、0.035、0.015 m·s~(-1)三种回流系统中毛管沉泥量依次增加,但均低于支状滴灌系统的毛管泥沙沉积数量,同时四种回流滴灌系统均表现为沿水流方向毛管内沉泥量逐渐增加。支状滴灌系统、0.015 m·s~(-1)回流、0.035 m·s~(-1)回流、0.05 m·s~(-1)回流系统回流排沙量分别为0、1.59、4.30、7.52 kg,表明回流管具有良好的输沙排沙能力。     

Electron microscopic observations of sooty moulds on crape myrtle leaves

Sooty moulds on crape myrtle leaves were investigated using light and electron microscopy. The adaxial leaf surface was distinctly covered with soot‐like masses of dark brown hyphae and conidia. The main characteristics of the sooty moulds included stauroconidia, conidial clusters, hyphal degeneration and extracellular melanin depositions. Some conidia were round, measured ~10 μm in diameter, and mostly one‐septate; others were branched and multiseptate (stauroconidia). Based on their morphology, the sooty moulds were determined to consist of several component fungal species belonging to genera such as Antennaria, Metacapnodium and Tripospermum. Enclosed in electron‐dense melanin layers, hyphae and conidial clusters had concentric bodies exhibiting electron‐transparent cores and electron‐dense shells with fibrillar sheaths. Concentric bodies are hypothesized to function as multilayer lipid‐encapsulated nanobubbles or eukaryotic gas vesicles for cytoplasmic volume control. Intrahyphal hyphae possessed electron‐dense cytoplasm and lipid globules. These results suggest that sooty moulds are equipped with melanized cell walls, multicelled resting structures, hyphal regeneration, intrahyphal growth and gas vesicles to adapt to their xeric phylloplane environment. Condensed and elongated starch granules in the chloroplasts of mesophyll tissues may indicate the acclimation of the sooty leaf regions to light reduction and temperature increase.     

Impact of postovulatory food deprivation on the ova transport, hormonal profiles and metabolic changes in sows.

The effect of food deprivation on ova transport, hormonal profiles and metabolic changes was studied in 20 crossbred multiparous sows during their second oestrus after weaning. To determine the time of ovulation, transrectal ultrasonographic examination was performed. The sows were divided into 2 groups, one control group (C-group), which was fed according to Swedish standards, and one experimental group (E-group). The E-group sows were deprived of food from the first morning meal after ovulation until slaughter. Blood samples were collected every second hour from about 12 h before expected ovulation in the second oestrus after weaning until slaughter and were analysed for progesterone, prostaglandin F2 alpha-metabolite, insulin, glucose, free fatty acids and triglycerides. All sows were slaughtered approximately 48 h after ovulation and the genital tract was recovered. The isthmic part of the oviduct was divided into 3 equally long segments and flushed separately with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Uterine horns were also flushed with PBS. A significantly greater number of ova were found in the first and second part of the isthmus in the E-group (p = 0.05) while in the C-group most of the ova were found in the third part of the isthmus or the uterus (p = 0.01). The level of prostaglandin F2 alpha-metabolite was significantly higher in the E-group compared with the C-group. The concentration of progesterone increased in both groups after ovulation but there were no significant differences between the groups. The other blood parameters showed that the food-deprived sows were in a catabolic state. The 48 h period of fasting results, directly or indirectly in an delayed ova transport, which may be due to a delayed relaxation in the smooth circular muscle layer of the isthmus.     

柑桔不同去囊衣方法对囊瓣质量的影响

本文研究了柑桔三种不同去囊衣方法对囊瓣的营养成份和外观品质的影响，磷酸盐－碱法处理囊瓣的各种营养成份保存率最高，酸碱法次之，酶法最低，酶法处理囊瓣的破碎率较低，感观质量也优于其他两种方法。     

Meiotic competence of mouse oocytes reconstructed by replacing the germinal vesicle with a male pronucleus and somatic nucleus

The present study examines the contribution of the nucleus to meiotic competence in mouse oocytes that were reconstructed using nuclear transfer. Three types of reconstructed oocytes were produced: MP‐GV, by transplanting the male pronucleus (MP) into germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes; 3T3‐GV, by transplanting the nucleus of a National Institute of Health (NIH) 3T3 cell into a GV stage oocyte; and 3T3‐MII, by transplanting the nucleus of an NIH 3T3 cell into a metaphase II (MII) stage oocyte. The fusion rates differed, but not significantly, in the MP‐GV, 3T3‐GV, and 3T3‐MII groups (77, 63, 56%, respectively). Then, meiotic competence was compared in MP‐GV, 3T3‐GV and non‐manipulated GV stage oocytes as a control. Nuclear envelope breakdown occurred in all the reconstructed oocytes, as well as the control ones. The percentage of first polar body extrusion differed between the MP‐GV (100%), 3T3‐GV (72%), and control (67%) groups. DNA staining with Hoechst 33342 revealed that in the MP‐GV‐group oocytes that had reached MII stage, the chromosomes were condensed and aligned in a regular array similar to the normal metaphase plate. By contrast, in 3T3‐GV group oocytes, the condensed chromosomes were irregularly scattered in the cytoplasm. These results suggest that the donor nucleus affects meiotic competence in reconstructed oocytes.     

咸淡轮灌和生物炭对滨海盐渍土水盐运移特征的影响

为利用滨海地区微咸水改良盐渍土,进行了不同咸淡水轮灌(淡淡、淡咸、咸淡、咸咸)和施用生物炭(0、15、30 t/hm2)的室内入渗试验,探讨了咸淡轮灌和生物炭施用下滨海盐渍土水盐运移过程.结果表明:滨海盐渍土水分运动主要受初始入渗水质的影响,先咸后淡的轮灌方式更有利于土壤水分入渗,入渗速率增加了8.2％～46.9％,并...     

地下滴灌土壤水运动和溶质运移的数学模型及验证

以非饱和土壤水运动理论和多孔介质中溶质运移的对流－弥散理论为基础，建立了地下滴灌条件下描述地埋点源土壤水运动和溶质运移的数学模型。模型中对滴头边界进行了简化，并对其可行性进行了检验。模拟计算结果得到室内试验资料验证。该模型可用来描述地下滴灌土壤水、肥运动和分布规律，以便为地下滴灌系统的合理设计提供理论依据。