Improved performance of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, larvae after ozone disinfection of the eggs

Ozone (O₃) dissolved in seawater (ODS) was evaluated, as an egg disinfectant, on the spawn of captive gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, brood stock. Four contact times (CT) were tested (0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 4.8 mg min L⁻¹) where CT was calculated by multiplying the dissolved O₃ concentration (0.3 mg L⁻¹) by different exposure periods (2, 4, 8, 16 min). There was also a disinfected seawater treatment that contained no O₃ or derived compounds (CT 0) and an untreated seawater control. All ODS treatments reduced egg surface bacterial counts to zero, which was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the CT 0 and the control groups (194 and 1320 plate⁻¹ respectively). Nevertheless, the hatching rate was high in the control and the CT treatments 0, 0.6 and 1.2 (88.7%, 87.3%, 89.5% and 83.7% respectively) while eggs exposed to a CT 2.4 and 4.8 hatched poorly (36.5% and 20.4% respectively), which was likely due, at least in part, to larvae unable to break the egg chorion successfully. Swim‐bladder inflation was significantly higher in the ODS groups (>97%) compared with the control and CT 0 treatments (ca. 70%). The results suggest that a 2‐min exposure of eggs to 0.3 mg O₃ L⁻¹ of ODS (CT 0.6) would improve current protocols in marine larviculture.     

高强度聚乙烯拖网网具性能的研究

对４顶单船中层拖网和双船底拖网的前部以高强度聚乙烯网线替代常规聚乙烯网线,依田内渔具模型试验准则制成模型网,进行水池对比试验。结果表明,在其它条件不变的前提下,应用高强度聚乙烯网线的拖网与原生产网相比,在２．５～４．５ｋｎ拖速下,网具阻力可平均下降６．５％～１６．２％,网口垂直扩张可提高０．９％～２５．７％,能耗系数下降１４．５％～３３．５％。     

皮下及造血组织坏死杆状病毒对中国对虾亲虾的人工感染

皮下及造血组织坏死杆状病毒对中国对虾亲虾的人工感染宋晓玲，黄倢，王崇明，于佳，陈碧鹃，杨丛海（黄海水产研究所，青岛２６６０７１）关键词中国对虾，亲虾，皮下及造血组织坏死杆状病毒，人工感染，温度效应ＡＲＴＩＦＩＣＩＡＬＩＮＦＥＣＴＩＯＮＯＦＢＲＯＯＤＳ...     

养殖克氏原螯虾体内白斑综合征病毒的绝对定量分析

近年来克氏原螯虾的养殖受到WSSV的威胁,病毒在宿主组织中的绝对定量对于了解病毒的致病性具有重要意义,但克氏原螯虾组织中WSSV的绝对定量分布还有待研究。实验调查了湖北省5个主养区克氏原螯虾WSSV的感染率,结果表明80%以上克氏原螯虾都携带有WSSV。采用WSSV-VP28蛋白特异性抗体对克氏原螯虾提取蛋白进行Western Blot检测,在WSSV-PCR阳性样品中可检测到VP28特异性条带,在WSSV-PCR阴性样品中没有检测到相应条带。采用实验室建立的WSSV绝对定量PCR方法,对携带病毒的克氏原螯虾6个组织(鳃、胃、肠、血淋巴细胞、肝胰腺和心脏)进行检测。结果表明,在鳃、胃和肠可检测到较多病毒量(约108拷贝/mg),其次是血淋巴细胞(107拷贝/mg)、肝胰腺(106拷贝/mg),在心脏中病毒的含量最低(103拷贝/mg),表明病毒的复制存在组织特异性。结果显示WSSV主要存在于消化系统中,预示着克氏原螯虾可能主要在摄食过程中感染WSSV;不同地区克氏原螯虾组织病毒携带量表现出一定差异,预示着WSSV感染可能受到环境因素的影响。     

象山港桐照滩涂小型底栖动物丰度和生物量的研究

调查结果表明,象山港桐照滩涂小型底栖动物有11个类群,线虫在丰度上占绝对优势(93%),其次是涡虫、桡足类等.按生物量统计,线虫占53%,其次是多毛类(18%).小型底栖动物的年平均丰度为4168.66个/10 cm2,年平均生物量1828.39 μg /10 cm2.小型底栖动物在丰度和生物量上出现了明显的季节变化,其最高值分别出现在秋季和冬季.并且还出现了明显的垂直分布,超过60%的小型底栖动物分布在(0～2)cm层段,随着深度的增加数量逐渐减少.     

日本对虾抗白斑病子三代的抗白斑综合征病毒感染能力及免疫特性

为了更好地进行日本对虾抗病良种的选育,本文用浓度为每毫升1×105个病毒粒子的对虾白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)粗提液注射感染抗白斑病日本对虾子三代和普通日本对虾,观察其死亡率,同时测定WSSV感染后0,4,24,48和96 h血淋巴酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和蛋白含量.结果显示:注射WSSV 14 d内抗病子三代和普通对虾的平均死亡率分别为15%和85%,前者的抗病保护率达82.4%;感染前前者的各项免疫指标均高于后者,且PO,AKP和蛋白含量存在极显著差异(P＜0.01);感染后两者血淋巴检测的5项指标在96 h内的变化趋势基本相似,除ACP以外,抗病子三代的其他指标都比普通日本对虾的高.研究结果表明,所选育的抗白斑病日本对虾子三代能够有效地抵抗对虾白斑综合征病毒的侵染,其免疫指标也高于普通日本对虾.     

杂交鳢养殖围隔上覆水—泥水界面—沉积物离子垂直分布特征及其界面交换通量

利用Peeper透析装置(dialysis peepers)的沉积物间隙水采集技术结合微量分光光度法,测定高密度杂交鳢养殖围隔中原位上覆水及沉积物间隙水中主要离子的浓度,分析各离子在上覆水–泥水界面–沉积物整个垂直剖面上的分布特征,并估算其在上覆水–沉积物界面处的扩散通量。结果显示,1NH4+-N、NO3–-N、NO2–-N、PO43–-P、SO42–-S和Fe2+都具有较强的垂直分布规律。NH4+-N在沉积物0~18 cm中随深度增加而迅速增加,18 cm后相对稳定;NO2–-N和PO43–-P在沉积物表层2~4 cm出现峰值,而在上覆水和深层沉积物中都相对较低;NO3–-N和SO42–-S在上覆水中远大于沉积物中浓度,并且进入沉积物4 cm内浓度迅速降低。2水样根据不同深度测定的理化性质,分别聚类为3组差异显著的类群:上覆水组、表层沉积物组(上覆水–沉积物界面组)和下层沉积物组。3通过Fick第一定律估算离子在上覆水—沉积物界面的扩散通量得出,NH4+-N、NO2–-N、PO43–-P和Fe2+为沉积物扩散至上覆水中;NO3–-N和SO42–-S为上覆水扩散至沉积物中。NH4+-N和SO42–-S在上覆水–沉积物界面具有相对较大扩散通量,其余离子则相对较小。NH4+-N在3个实验围隔中的扩散通量分别为76.432、111.631和209.835 mg/(m2·d),为主要的沉积物内源释放离子。     

Naturally occurring bacteraemia in American lobsters, Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards, in Long Island Sound

The health status of the American lobster, Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards, in Long Island Sound (LIS) has been in decline, with seasonal mortality events occurring since 1998. In order to assess the potential effects of environmental conditions on lobster health via haemolymph analysis, lobsters collected from various sites in LIS were examined and sampled while concurrent environmental data (water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen) were recorded. The pH of the haemolymph of each lobster was tested, followed by a collection of haemolymph for serum biochemistry analysis and bacterial culture. This report focuses on the results of the bacterial sampling. The majority of bacteria cultured were opportunistic pathogens commonly found in the environment, including some that are associated with sewage and pollution. The prevalence of bacteraemia was correlated with the site of collection, the month in which the lobsters were sampled, and water temperature.     

Effect of eye fluke infection on the growth of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) —An experimental approach

Effect of the eye fluke Diplostomum spathaceum on fish growth has remained somewhat unclear because 1) the question has not been subjected to experimental examination with treatment-control setup and 2) growth has not been related to the coverage of parasite-induced cataracts in a quantitative manner. We examined effects of the parasite on growth and competitive ability of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) in experimental conditions resembling those at fish farms by maintaining groups of exposed and control fish, as well as mixed groups from both treatments, under optimal conditions for 8 weeks. Contrary to our expectations, we did not observe differences in fish growth between the treatments. However, at the level of individual fish, parasite-induced cataracts had a negative effect on weight of the exposed fish but this took place only when the cataract coverage reached 100% in both eyes. No effect of the infection on competitive ability of fish was observed in mixed treatments which may be related to patterns of food distribution in the tanks or cues received by the fish from less infected conspecifics. Overall, the results suggest that effects of D. spathaceum on fish growth become apparent only in cases of very high cataract coverage, and that feeding regimes and the shape of the cataract coverage distribution in a fish group are important determinants of the magnitude of these effects.     

萝卜根肿病抗感品种间侵染过程及生理生化差异分析

根肿病是十字花科作物的重要病害之一,严重影响十字花科作物（油菜、白菜和萝卜等）的产量和品质。为探究根肿病的抗病机理,为防治十字花科根肿病进行田间早期的诊断预报提供依据,以两个抗病性不同的萝卜品种为试验材料,观察了根肿菌侵染的差异,利用qPCR技术测定了不同时间点根内根肿菌含量,并采用紫外分光光度法测定了其接种根肿菌后根部防御酶活性和可溶性糖含量。结果表明：根肿菌在两个萝卜品种中均发生根毛（初级）侵染,但是仅能在感病萝卜根中完成侵染循环,抗病萝卜没有观察到皮层（次级）侵染。推测次级游动孢子不能分化成休眠孢子囊是抗病萝卜抗病的主要原因。在接种后第25~45 d,感病萝卜根内的菌含量显著增加,抗病萝卜则相反,提示此期间是根肿菌在感病萝卜体内快速繁殖的重要时期。同时,接菌后抗病萝卜根部SOD活性、POD活性和可溶性糖含量高于感病品种,而CAT活性低于感病萝卜,表明较高的SOD、POD活性和可溶性糖含量以及较低的CAT活性对于萝卜的根肿病抗性具有重要的作用。