基于叶绿素荧光成像的玉米苗期叶片光合特性垂直分布

作物的综合光合作用能力直接决定粮食产量,探明作物光合特性分布机制是开发新品种、研发新农艺的一个关键科学问题。为探究玉米植株光合特性的垂直分布规律,该研究利用荧光成像技术对不同品种和不同氮、水处理的5叶期样本进行图像采集,对植株不同叶片的荧光淬灭特性及荧光参数进行分析。荧光淬灭特性分析表明,叶片光量子产量随垂直高度的增加呈上升趋势;由非加权组平均法聚类产生的四类淬灭特性中,郑单958在不同环境中的荧光淬灭垂直分布异质性小于先玉335和浚单20。关键荧光参数分析结果表明,叶片最大光能转换效率、实际光能转换效率、光反应电子传递活性随垂直高度的增加呈上升趋势,除衰老叶片外的非光化学能量耗散差异性不显著。光合特性垂直分布分析表明,不同土壤氮含量下样本的最大光量子效率（Fv/Fm）有较为显著的二次函数分布特征,随着土壤氮含量的降低,垂直分布的异质性增大;不同品种间的稳态光适应光化学淬灭（qL_Lss）有较为显著的一次函数分布特征,郑单958表现出较强的抗逆性。基于机器学习方法,以荧光参数垂直分布数据分类植株组别的结果表明,郑单958样本的最大光量子效率（Fv/Fm）、微量土壤氮含量下样本的最大光量子效率（Fv/Fm）和干旱环境下样本的稳态非光化荧光淬灭（NPQ_Lss）判别准确率分别达0.82、0.94和0.88,与其他处理及荧光参数相比,垂直分布规律更显著;其他荧光参数的分布特征并不能有效判别样本组别。将叶片按植株形态学自下而上排序,由植株叶片光合垂直异质性关键叶片分析,第2片叶片可以作为垂直分布的\     

New aspects of soybean somatic embryogenesis

Somatic embryo formation from immature cotyledons was improved in the following ways: by cutting into sections, supplementing culture media with spermine and using solid/liquid/solid type of culture. Cut cotyledons of the eight genotypes examined expressed a higher ability for somatic embryogenesis than whole cotyledons. Of the three polyamines tested, spermine considerably stimulated and putrescine slightly inhibited induction of somatic embryos. The ability of embryoid formation on medium with spermidine depended on the genotype. The solid/liquid/solid type of culture was better than the continuous solid culture. The best nitrogen ion content for the subculture of somatic embryos was 10 mM NH₄NO₃ and 30 mM KNO₃. The possibility of using these modifications in Agrobacterium transformation is discussed.     

保水剂对风沙土水分垂直入渗和含水量的影响

使用保水剂是有效利用和改良风沙土的重要途径。通过研究垂直入渗率、累积入渗量、渗吸持续时间、渗透系数4项入渗特征量以说明在5-7cm深度处层施保水剂对于风沙土水分垂直入渗的影响,测定入渗结束后土壤各层含水量以研究受试体系的水分垂直分布。结果表明,试验处理可使垂直入渗率在各时间点有不同程度减小,有3种保水剂处理累积入渗量均增加了42%左右(1%处理),渗吸持续时间增长了134%~390%,渗透系数减小了65%~85%,且4种变化趋势均随保水剂用量的增加而加剧。入渗结束后土壤水分垂直分布也发生明显变化：保水剂-土壤混合层含水量上升52%~178%,上层土壤含水量明显增加但下层土壤略微降低。研究表明,保水剂对风沙土水分垂直入渗和含水量影响十分明显。     

MODELING GROWTH AND ION CONCENTRATION OF LILIUM IN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN:POTASSIUM:CALCIUM MIXTURE SOLUTIONS

Nutrient solution composition plays an important role in root uptake rate due to interactions among nutrients and internal regulation. Studies to determine the optimum nutrient solution concentration are focused on individual ions, ignoring the adaptation mechanisms triggered by plants when growing in a varying external nutrient concentration. The objective of the present study was to determine the response in growth and tissue ion concentration of lilium cv. ‘Navona’ to nutrient mixtures of varying proportions of nitrogen (N), potassium (K⁺), and calcium (Ca²⁺) in solution using mixture experiments methodology in order to determine the optimum concentration. Bulbs of lilium were transplanted in plastic crates and drip-irrigated with the treatment solutions, which consisted of a mixture of N, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ whose total concentration was 340 mg L^?1 and minimum concentrations of each ion was 34 mg L^?1. Chlorophyll concentration (SPAD), shoot fresh weight (FW), leaf FW, and leaf area were measured 60 days after transplanting and ion analysis was performed on shoot tissues from selected treatments. Lilium exhibited a moderate demand for N and K⁺ (136–170 mg L^?1 N and 116–136 mg L^?1 K⁺) and a very low demand for Ca²⁺ (34–88 mg · L^?1). This low demand may be due to the remobilization of the nutrients stored in the bulbs. Integrating the predictions of the models estimated to produce >90% of maximum growth, the optimum nutrient solution should contain Ca²⁺ at a concentration between 34 and 126 mg · L^?1, K⁺ between 119 and 211 mg · L^?1, and N between 92 mg · L^?1 and 211 mg · L^?1. Increasing external N concentration affected internal N concentration but not internal K⁺ or Ca²⁺ concentrations, despite that the increase in external N was associated with a decrease in external K⁺ and Ca²⁺. Similar trends were observed for external K⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentration. In conclusion, lilium was able to maintain a relatively constant K⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentration regardless of the lower concentration in the nutrient solution when N was increased (similar response was observed for K⁺ and Ca²⁺) and it has a low Ca²⁺ demand and moderate N and K⁺ supply.     

Effects of vertical hedge interval of vetiver grass on erosion on steep agricultural lands

Vetiver grass is widely used to reduce soil erosion and has been applied in many areas of the world. However, studies of the effect of vertical hedge intervals on runoff, soil loss and outflow sediment size distribution under a steep slope area are rare. The vetiver grass system (VGS) with three vertical hedge intervals (0·75, 1·5 and 3 m) and no hedgerow were tested at three land slopes (30, 40 and 50 per cent) under three simulated rainfall intensities (60, 85 and 110 mm h⁻¹). It has been observed that vetiver grass (Vetiveria nemoralis) has great potential for reducing runoff and soil loss by about 38·7–68·6 and 56·2–87·9 per cent, respectively. The vetiver strips delayed incipient runoff and reduced peak runoff rate and steady erosion rate. The land slope affected soil loss but did not have a significant effect on runoff. A narrow vetiver hedge interval slightly reduced runoff and soil loss more than a wider one. The soil loss equation obtained in this study revealed that runoff has a higher effect on soil loss. The median sediment size that passed through the vetiver strip increased with rainfall intensity and was mostly dominated by very fine sand, silt and clay. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

秸秆不同还田方式对土壤低吸力段持水能力及蒸发特性的影响

利用张力计测定蒸发过程中低吸力段土壤水分特征曲线,对比研究了秸秆在经过粉碎、氨化及与无机土壤改良剂混合三种措施处理后对土壤饱和含水量、低吸力段土壤持水及供水能力和早期干旱过程中土壤脱水速度的影响。结果显示:粉碎秸秆施入土壤后提高了土壤饱和含水量、持水及供水能力,而长秸秆对土壤饱和含水量、持水及供水能力的影响较小;粉碎并氨化的秸秆对土壤饱和含水量、持水及供水能力的提高作用更为显著。粉碎秸秆及长秸秆处理均易造成早期干旱过程中脱水速度过快,氨化后或当秸秆与无机土壤改良剂混合施入土壤时,土壤低吸力段脱水速度明显减慢,利于土壤有效水的保存。该结果为提出新的能最大效率发挥秸秆改良土壤作用的秸秆还田方式提供了一定的理论基础。     

垂直流人工湿地出水口位置与植物种类对农村生活污水净化效果的影响

利用3 种栽种植物的美人蕉(Canna indica Linn)湿地(M)、狼尾草[Pennisetum alopecuroides (Linn.) Spreng]湿地(L)、苏丹草[Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf]湿地(S)和未栽种植物的对照湿地(CK), 研究高、中、低出水口及不同植物对垂直流人工湿地污水净化效果的影响。垂直流人工湿地进水来自常熟农业生态试验站生活污水厌氧池, 以间歇式进水方式运行, 进水水力负荷为0.15 m³·m^-2·d^-1。结果表明: 不同出水口位置对NH₄⁺-N(铵态氮)、NO₃^--N(硝态氮)、COD(化学需氧量)的去除率存在显著性差异。随着出水口位置的降低NH₄⁺-N 的去除率显著增加, 最大去除率达到98.3%。出水口位置升高NO₃^--N 与COD 的去除率则显著增加, 高出水口的去除率分别达到-47.4%和64.5%。与中、低出水口处理相比, 高出水口的TN(总氮)去除率提高22.5%~27.6%。而对TP(总磷)的去除率恰恰相反, 高出水口处理TP 去除率比中、低出水口低20.6%~28.9%。3 种有植物湿地—美人蕉湿地、狼尾草湿地、苏丹草湿地对NO₃^--N、TN、TP、COD去除率显著高于未栽种植物的对照湿地, 分别提高74.4%~98.6%、11.3%~17.8%、8.60%~16.3%与14.1%~19.0%。3 种植物湿地之间对NO₃^--N、TN、TP、COD 去除效果没有显著差异。对NH₄⁺-N 的去除效果, 美人蕉湿地显著低于其他3 种湿地。以上结果表明, 通过对垂直流人工湿地的出水口位置控制和栽种湿地植物,可以有效地改变污染物的去除效果。     

水田泥浆对农用纸膜黏附性影响的试验研究

为探索提高农用纸膜与水田泥浆的贴合质量的方法,试验研究了水田泥浆含水率、纸膜承载正压力和加载速度等因素对泥浆纸膜间黏附力的影响规律,建立了相应的数学模型。试验结果表明,泥浆含水率为34.5%～35.5%时,随含水率增加,泥浆黏度、黏附力急剧下降;含水率超过35.5%时,含水率变化对黏度、黏附力影响不显著;黏附力随泥浆黏度的增加呈对数增长趋势。纸膜与泥浆间的黏附力随正压力的增加,呈线性增加趋势。加载速度在0.83×10-3～0.5×10-2 m/s区间,黏附力随加载速度增加而快速上升;加载速度超过0.5×10-2 m/s时,黏附力上升速度较慢;加载速度在0.67×10-2～0.83×10-2 m/s范围内时,黏附力趋于定值。因此,为了提高纸膜覆盖质量,整地、泡田过程中,应使土壤含水率最大不要超过饱和含水率的1.05倍;在满足泥浆的抗压强度的前提下应增加纸膜单位面积上的正压力;覆膜速度低于0.5×10-2 m/s时,通过加载速度的方法来提高覆膜质量。研究成果将为纸膜覆膜机构的设计提供参考。     

沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀垂直景观格局的分形特征

以北方土石山区的典型代表沂蒙山区为研究区,以TM影像和地形图为源数据,根据全国土壤侵蚀分类分级标准,综合运用GIS和RS技术,获取以50 m为带宽的土壤侵蚀强度垂直分带数据。在Fragstats3.3中提取周长面积分维数（D）,计算稳定性指数（SI）,旨在揭示沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀分形的垂直变化特征。结果表明,土壤侵蚀景观在垂直维度上具有明显的分异性。在景观水平上,土壤侵蚀景观周长面积分维数（D）随高程呈先迅速增大后缓慢增大趋势,稳定性指数（SI）则呈先急剧减小后缓慢减小趋势。在缀块类型水平上,对于研究区,D值     

夏玉米冠层光合有效辐射垂直分布模型

吸收光合有效辐射分量（FPAR）是研究植被群体光合作用和光能利用的重要参数,弄清冠层内FPAR的垂直分布规律及其与冠层结构等参数之间的定量关系,可以为遥感定量反演冠层FPAR提供模型基础。该文基于平均冠层的辐射传输过程,结合冠层结构建立玉米冠层内FPAR垂直分布计算模型,并就模型的参数如植被组分光学特性、株型、太阳高度角以及天空散射光比例等对FPAR垂直分布结果的影响进行了分析。利用实测结构参数模拟了玉米冠层内FPAR,并与SUNSCAN测量值进行了比较,结果表明模型对封垄后的玉米冠层内FPAR垂直分布的模拟精度较高,RMSE均小于0.18,并能较好地计算封垄前冠层内FPAR的垂直分布趋势。