反刍动物瘤胃发育规律及其调控机制研究进展

瘤胃是反刍动物至关重要的消化吸收器官,部分降解的营养物质可直接通过瘤胃上皮被机体吸收和利用。因此,瘤胃的发育程度与反刍动物的生产性能密切相关,而瘤胃发育充分且功能健全是反刍动物最佳生产性能得以发挥的前提条件。然而,幼龄反刍动物瘤胃的生理结构及其功能均发育不完善,需在固体饲料、断母乳等外界刺激下完成经由非反刍阶段向反刍阶段转变的复杂过程,进而才可发挥其重要功能。目前,如何掌握并遵循瘤胃的发育规律,在保证瘤胃充分发育且功能完善的情况下,对幼龄反刍动物实施早期断奶技术,已成为现代反刍动物养殖生产中亟需解决的问题之一。作者就反刍动物瘤胃发育进程中瘤胃微生物菌群的时空演变、瘤胃组织形态学发育和代谢改变及瘤胃发育调控机制进行综述,由生理结构至功能逐层对反刍动物瘤胃的发育规律进行全面总结,阐明影响反刍动物瘤胃发育的相关因素及其可能的调控机制。本文旨在进一步丰富与瘤胃发育相关的理论基础,以期为利用瘤胃发育规律开发促进反刍动物瘤胃发育的营养调控策略提供科学支撑,为挖掘幼龄反刍动物的生产潜力提供新思路。     

Significant changes in caecal microbial composition and metabolites of weaned piglets after protein restriction and succedent realimentation

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of protein restriction and subsequent realimentation on caecal barrier function, caecal microbial composition and metabolites in weaned piglets. Thirty-six 28-day-old weaned piglets were randomly assigned to a control group and a treatment group. The piglets were fed diets containing 18.83% (normal) or 13.05% (low) of crude protein from the 1st to 14th day, after which all piglets were fed diets containing 18.83% of crude protein from the 15th to 28th day. The results showed that protein restriction increased caecal bacterial diversity and richness as well as the abundance of Ruminococcus 2, Faecalibacterium and Lachnospiraceae_uncultured, but reduced the abundance and the gene copies of Lactobacillus in the treatment group compared with the control group on day 14. Protein restriction also decreased the concentrations of isovaleric acid and total branched-chain fatty acids. During the succedent protein realimentation stage, the abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG-014 and the concentrations of lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid and total short-chain fatty acids were increased in the treatment group on day 28. Furthermore, the ammonia concentration was reduced, while the gene mRNA levels of caecal barrier function were increased in the treatment group both on days 14 and 28. In conclusion, dietary protein restriction and realimentation could change caecal microbial composition and metabolites, and eventually influence caecal barrier function. The present study may provide a new insight into protein restriction and realimentation in weaned piglets.     

Carbohydrates effects on nutrition and health functions in pigs

The greatest improvement in carbohydrates studies on pig nutrition and health is that carbohydrates are classified more clearly, which is based not only on their chemical structure but also on their physiological characteristics. Besides its primary energy source, different types and structures of carbohydrates are a benefit for nutrition and health functions in pigs, which are involved in promoting growth performance and intestinal functions, regulating the community of gut microbiota, and modulating the lipids and glucose metabolism. The underlying mechanism of carbohydrates regulates the lipids and glucose metabolism through their metabolites (short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs]) and mainly via the SCFAs-GPR43/41-PYY/GLP1, SCFAs-AMP/ATP-AMPK, and SCFAs-AMPK-G6Pase/PEPCK pathways. Emerging research had evaluated an optimal combination in different types and structures of carbohydrates, which could enhance growth performance and nutrient digestibility, promote intestinal functions, and increase the abundances of butyrate-producing bacteria in pigs. Overall, compelling evidence supports the notion that carbohydrates play important roles in both nutrition and health functions in pigs. Moreover, identifying the carbohydrates combinations will be of both theoretical and practical values for developing the technology of carbohydrates balance in pigs.     

湖羊羔羊早期断奶前后瘤胃发酵与微生物区系的变化

本试验旨在研究湖羊羔羊早期断奶前后的瘤胃发酵与微生物区系变化,为幼龄反刍动物瘤胃发育变化理论以及羔羊的早期培育等提供依据。选择初生重接近的湖羊公羔（3.81 kg±0.55 kg）16只,1~7日龄饲喂母乳,8日龄与母羊分离,开始饲喂代乳粉（按8日龄体重的2%,分3次等量饲喂）和开食料（自由采食）,35日龄断奶。分别于断奶前（21日龄）、后（42日龄）各选择5只羔羊进行屠宰,采集瘤胃内容物,测定瘤胃发酵、酶活和微生物区系。结果表明,断奶后羔羊的瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶活性均极显著高于断奶前（P<0.01）。断奶后瘤胃菌群多样性和丰富度均低于断奶前（P<0.05）。断奶前后的优势菌门均为拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）,其中,拟杆菌门为第一优势菌门,在断奶前后分别占61.96%和65.36%,厚壁菌门为第二优势菌门,在断奶前后分别占32.08%和24.03%;两菌门之和在断奶前后分别占瘤胃总菌门的94.04%和89.39%。断奶前后的优势菌属均为unidentified_Prevotellaceae,分别占21.85%和38.49%。断奶前后羔羊瘤胃微生物的功能没有显著变化,都主要集中在复制和修复、碳水化合物代谢和翻译等途径。以上结果说明,羔羊早期断奶后的瘤胃发酵和酶活增强,菌群多样性和丰富度有所降低,在早期断奶前后的优势菌群和功能相似。     

Isomaltooligosaccharide and Bacillus regulate the duration of farrowing and weaning-estrous interval in sows during the perinatal period by changing the gut microbiota of sows

This study investigated the effects of isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) and Bacillus in perinatal diets on the duration of farrowing and post-weaning estrus, serum reproductive hormone concentrations, and gut microbiota and its metabolites of sows. Multiparous sows (n = 130) were fed diets without IMO (control, CON group), or diets containing only IMO (IMO group), IMO and Bacillus subtilis (IMOS group), IMO and Bacillus licheniformis (IMOL group), and IMO and B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (IMOSL group), respectively. The results indicate that the duration of farrowing and post-weaning estrus was shorter in sows in the IMOS, IMOL, and IMOSL groups, and the weaning-estrous interval was lower in sows in the IMOL greoup. In addition, the lowest fecal score was observed in the IMOL group during d 106 to 112 of gestation. Sows in most of the treatment groups had a higher concentration of serum prolactin and prostaglandin at farrowing, but a lower serum concentration of estradiol, oxytocin, and progesterone on d 18 of lactation than sows in the CON group. The treatment groups had a higher abundance of Candidatus Methanoplasma and Bacillus and a lower abundance of Escherichia-Shigella in their feces at farrowing. Furthermore, the treatment groups had higher concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in feces at farrowing and a higher concentration of branched fatty acids in feces on d 18 of lactation. Furthermore, the abundance of Bacillus in feces was positively correlated with serum prostaglandin concentrations and fecal total SCFA of sows at farrowing, but was negatively correlated with the duration of farrowing. Overall, dietary IMO and Bacillus supplementation affected the concentration of serum reproductive hormones and the duration of farrowing and post-weaning estrus, and the gut microbiota is a key factor.     

反刍动物胃肠道菌群与机体氧化应激调节的研究进展

反刍动物胃肠道中存在着复杂、多样且动态的微生物菌群,它们对维持免疫功能、营养物质消化和代谢动态平衡具有重要作用。氧化应激是自由基产生过多、抗氧化能力不足或两者同步的结果,严重情况下可危害动物健康,并造成经济损失。越来越多的研究表明,胃肠道菌群与氧化应激之间存在密切的联系,它们通过相关代谢物诱导局部和全身炎症,并调节氧化应激。本文综述了部分反刍动物胃肠道菌群与氧化应激的相关研究,对胃肠道菌群代谢物和微生物-肠道-器官轴对氧化应激的调节进行了讨论,旨在为未来进一步探讨反刍动物胃肠道菌群调控氧化应激的机制提供理论依据。     

甘露寡糖对低盐胁迫下凡纳滨对虾生长、健康及肠道菌群的影响

为研究低盐胁迫(盐度3)下,饲料添加不同含量的甘露寡糖(mannan oligosacchar-ide,MOS)对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫力和肠道微生物的影响.低盐条件下,给实验组对虾(0.68±0.01)g分别饲喂含有2、4和8g/kgMOS的实验饲料,并将在盐度25和3条件下饲喂0 g/kg MOS饲料...     

日粮蛋白水平对育肥藏羊瘤胃细菌多样性的影响

为了研究不同蛋白水平对育肥藏羊瘤胃细菌多样性的影响，选取健康且体况相近的3月龄早期断奶藏羊公羔15只，平均体重为(（22.05 ± 2.06) kg，随机分为3组，日粮粗蛋白水平分别为10.08%（Ⅰ组），12.84%（Ⅱ组）和14.97%（Ⅲ组）。预试期7 d，正试期112 d。饲养实验结束后对试验羊进行屠宰并于不同位点采集瘤胃液样品，测定瘤胃细菌的相对丰度。结果表明：（1）Shannon指数和Simpson指数各组之间无显著性差异（P > 0.05），ACE指数和Chao l指数Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组（P < 0.05）。（2）门水平下，拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）为瘤胃细菌的优势菌门，且均随日粮蛋白水平提高而显著增加（P < 0.05）；变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）相对丰度Ⅱ组显著较高（P > 0.05）。（3）科水平下，毛螺菌科（Lachnospiraceae）相对丰度较高，但各组之间差异不显著（P > 0.05）； 瘤胃球菌科（Ruminococcaceae）相对丰度Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组（P < 0.05）；韦荣氏菌科（Veillonellaceae）相对丰度Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组（P < 0.05）。（4）属水平下，Prevotella（普雷沃氏菌属）的相对丰度Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组（P < 0.05），瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcus）Ⅱ组相对丰度显著较高（P < 0.05）。 （5）PCA分析显示各组间瘤胃细菌结构差异不明显，但采食低蛋白水平日粮的藏羊瘤胃细菌相似度更高，能更好聚类在一起。综上可知，不同蛋白水平对育肥藏羊瘤胃细菌多样性无显著影响，但可影响其丰富度；同时随着日粮蛋白水平的提高，厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）相对丰度显著增加，普雷沃氏菌属（Prevotella）在日粮蛋白水平为14.97%时更适宜生长，瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcus）则在日粮蛋白水平为12.84%时活性更高。