Influence of feeding regime on timing of parturition in beef cattle and the relationship of vaginal temperature to parturition

The timing of parturition was recorded for a total of 56 beef cattle (Japanese Black × Holstein Friesian) on different dietary treatments. The rate of calving during daylight hours in cows night‐fed (18.00 hours) with a roughage diet was significantly higher than that in cows night‐fed with a high concentrate diet (79.2% vs 38.5%, P < 0.05). Subsequently, the vaginal temperature (VT) of these cows was analyzed using a cosinor method. When the feeding schedule was changed from twice daily (08.30 and 15.30 hours) to night feeding, the periodicity, the acrophase and the bathyphase, which were the parameters of the cosine curve, were unstable from the first day of night feeding until after day 6 (P < 0.05). Prior to parturition, the midline‐estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR) and the amplitude for the cows that were fed a high‐roughage diet at night and that calved at night‐time were lower and larger, respectively, than that for the other treatments (P < 0.01). Based on these results, the time of parturition in most of the beef cows was influenced by feeding time and diet composition. Those cows that calved at night‐time in spite of night feeding had lower vaginal temperatures.     

水热处理对黄豆秸秆体外发酵、甲烷生成及微生物的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究水热处理对黄豆秸秆体外发酵、甲烷生成及微生物的影响。黄豆秸秆经水热处理后,利用全自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵系统发酵72 h,评估化学成分变化、降解特性、发酵参数、产气参数及微生物区系。结果表明:水热处理降低黄豆秸秆中性洗涤纤维(P<0.001)、酸性洗涤纤维(P<0.001)及半纤维素(P<0.001)含量,提高中性洗涤可溶物(P<0.001)、水溶性碳水化合物(P<0.001)、阿拉伯糖(P<0.001)及半乳糖(P<0.001)含量;水热处理提高黄豆秸秆干物质消失率(P<0.001)和发酵液挥发性脂肪酸浓度(P<0.05),降低乙酸/丙酸(P<0.001)、甲烷(P<0.001)与氢气产量(P<0.001)及真菌(P<0.01)、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌(P<0.05)和产甲烷菌(P<0.05)数量。结果显示:水热处理可破坏黄豆秸秆纤维素-半纤维素-木质素结构,增加中性洗涤可溶物含量,促进瘤胃降解,并减少真菌和产甲烷菌的数量,降低甲烷产量。     

Interaction effect of whole wheat feeding and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance,haematological indices and caecal microbiota of cockerel chicks

The interaction effect of whole wheat feeding and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance, haematological indices and caecal microbiota of cockerel chicks were investigated using 250‐day‐old cockerel chicks previously reared for 7 days pre‐experimental period. Birds were fed with commercial chick mash during the pre‐experimental period. At the expiration of this period, 192 chicks were selected on weight equalization basis and assigned into 24 pens. Each treatment consisted of six pens, while each pen housed eight birds. Four wheat–soya bean‐based experimental diets were formulated in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diets having two wheat forms (ground and whole wheat grain) each supplemented or not with 1 g/kg MOS/kg feed. Whole wheat feeding (irrespective of MOS supplementation) showed reduced (p < 0.05) feed intake. Birds fed whole wheat diet supplemented with MOS recorded the highest (p < 0.01) final live weight, weight gain and the best (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio. Haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and red blood cell count of the chicks were not affected (p > 0.05) by dietary treatment. However, dietary supplementation with MOS resulted in increased (p < 0.05) WBC counts. The caecum content of chicks fed with MOS‐supplemented whole wheat diets recorded the least (p < 0.01) salmonella counts. In conclusion, combination of whole wheat feeding and MOS supplementation showed improved growth performance, gut microbiota and indications of improved health status of cockerel chicks.     

热应激对肉鸡回肠菌群的影响因素研究

【目的】 探究热应激如何影响肉鸡的肠道微生物组成和结构,为研究缓解热应激的不利影响提供依据。【方法】 将144羽体重接近（1 771±40）g的35日龄AA雄性肉鸡随机分为3个处理组。3个处理组分别为适温对照组（TC）、高温组（HT）和适温采食配对组（PF）。TC组舱内温度维持（21±1）℃,肉鸡自由采食;HT组舱内温度维持（31±1）℃,自由采食;PF组舱内温度维持（21±1）℃,根据HT肉鸡的采食量饲喂。温度及限饲处理共持续7 d。【结果】 研究发现,与TC组相比,HT组肉鸡的采食量和日增重显著降低（P<0.01）,料重比显著提高（P<0.01）,PF组肉鸡采食量和日增重显著降低（P<0.01）。HT组的采食量与PF组相似,但日增重显著低于PF组（P<0.05）,料重比高于PF组（P<0.05）。表明即使采食量相同,高温仍显著降低肉鸡体增重,这与高温降低饲料转化效率有关。与TC组相比,HT组肉鸡的体核温度（P=0.079）和血清皮质酮水平（P=0.071）有升高趋势,PF组肉鸡体核温度和血清皮质酮水平与TC组相似（P>0.05）。与TC组相比,HT组和PF组肉鸡回肠前段菌群sobs、Chao1和Shannon指数均显著升高（P<0.05）,而HT组和PF组的α多样性指数无显著性差异。主坐标分析（PCoA）显示,HT组和PF组基本聚集在一起,与TC组有明显的分离。相似性分析也证实了这一趋势。相关分析发现,肉鸡的采食量和PCoA的主坐标1之间存在显著相关（R = 0.786, P<0.001）,而肉鸡体核温度或血清皮质酮和主坐标1之间无显著相关（P>0.05）。LEfSe分析发现（Score ≥3）,HT组和TC组之间存在18个特异属。PF组肉鸡回肠中这18个属的相对丰度与HT组接近,与TC组同样存在显著差异。另外,回肠前段优势菌属中（TOP50）,采食量与其中30个属的相对丰度显著相关,而体核温度和血清皮质酮仅与其中个别属的相对丰度相关。【结论】 HT组与PF组肉鸡的体核温度和血清皮质酮存在明显差异,但采食量相同,结果回肠菌群的结构和组成相似;TC组与PF组肉鸡的体核温度和血清皮质酮相似,仅采食量显著不同,结果回肠菌群的结构和组成明显不同。表明持续热应激对肉鸡回肠前段菌群的影响主要与采食量降低有关,与体温或血清皮质酮升高无显著关系。相关分析的结果也证明了这一结论。     

苦参碱不同给药途径对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

为探究苦参碱灌胃和腹腔注射不同给药途径对肠道菌群的影响,将昆明小鼠随机分为4组,分别为生理盐水腹腔注射组(NCip)、生理盐水灌胃组(NCig)、苦参碱腹腔注射组(MTip)及苦参碱灌胃组(MTig),连续给药5d后,收集各组粪便,进行小鼠肠道微生物α多样性指数分析和β多样性分析,利用LEfSe和Metastats分析不同组间肠道菌群的差异。结果表明:灌胃和腹腔注射苦参碱的不同给药方式对小鼠肠道菌群的α多样性指数及β多样性的影响差异不显著(P0.05);LEfSe分析发现,与灌胃苦参碱相比,腹腔注射苦参碱组的小鼠肠道有益菌拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)、调节机体代谢的另枝菌属(Alistipes)丰度显著增加(P0.05);Metastats分析发现,与灌胃苦参碱相比,苦参碱腹腔注射组的小鼠肠道与结肠炎相关的脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、[Eubacterium]_fissicatena_group丰度显著降低(P0.05)。综上,不同给药途径会引起肠道菌群的差异,相比于灌胃给予苦参碱,通过腹腔注射给予苦参碱更有利于优化肠道菌群的结构及功能。     

生物活性肽调节断奶仔猪肠道健康

断奶是养猪业中最具挑战性的阶段,对仔猪生长性能及之后的发育有着重要的影响。断奶对仔猪的肠道发育和健康带来了极大的挑战,可能会导致采食量减少、生长速率降低、发病率和死亡率增加。采取有效的营养策略可改善仔猪肠道健康和最大限度地提高断奶仔猪的产量。本文综述了生物活性肽通过仔猪肠道免疫、肠道微生物稳态及肠-脑轴的调节仔猪肠道健康,为加深生物活性肽的开发和利用提供参考。     

荧光定量PCR法比较研究健康和子宫内膜炎奶牛阴道菌群结构

为揭示奶牛阴道菌群结构与子宫内膜炎发生关系,本实验选择健康奶牛和患有子宫内膜炎奶牛各5头,采集其阴道粘液样品,提取样品总DNA,利用SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR方法对这两类奶牛阴道菌群结构的差异进行了检测.检测结果显示,健康奶牛阴道内乳杆菌属(p＜0.05)、芽孢杆菌属(p＜0.05)和魏斯氏菌属(p＜0.01)的细菌数量显著或极显著高于子宫内膜炎奶牛,而子宫内膜炎奶牛阴道内大肠杆菌数量显著高于健康奶牛(p＜0.05).研究结果表明,阴道菌群结构失衡可能是奶牛子宫内膜炎发生的原因.     

Influence of dietary feathers on the fecal microbiota in captive Arctic fox: Do dietary hair or feathers play a role in the evolution of carnivorous mammals?

Hair and feathers are composed of keratin and are indigestible, inalimental and unpalatable for carnivores. However, carnivores often ingest hair and feathers during feeding or when grooming. We hypothesized that ingestion of hair and feathers changes species diversity and relative abundance of bacteria in the gut of carnivores. To test this hypothesis, we added disinfected poultry down feathers to the normal diet of captive Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). We then used fluorescently labeled terminal restriction fragments (T‐RFs) to examine changes in fecal bacterial diversity and abundance. The results showed that the number of bacterial species increased significantly after feather ingestion, but that total abundance was unchanged. This demonstrated that addition of disinfected feathers to the diet stimulated increased production among less abundant bacteria, resulting in a balancing of relative abundance of different bacterial species, or that some newly‐ingested microbial species would colonize the gut because a suitable microhabitat had become available. This implies that the overall production of bacterial metabolites would be made up of a greater range of substances after feather ingestion. On one hand, the host's immune response would be more diverse, increasing the capacity of the immune system to regulate gut microflora. On the other hand, the animal's physiological performance would also be affected. For wild animals, such altered physiological traits would be subjected to natural selection, and, hence, persistent geographic differences in the character of ingested feathers or fur would drive speciation.     

浒苔多酚对肥胖小鼠血脂代谢及肠道菌群的调节作用

为了研究浒苔多酚(Enteromorpha prolifera polyphenols, EPP)对高脂饮食诱导小鼠肥胖的预防作用,将24只C57BL/6J小鼠分为4组,即空白对照组、模型对照组、低剂量浒苔多酚处理组(100 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)以及高剂量浒苔多酚处理组(300 mg·kg^-1·d^-1),连续灌胃14周,考察不同剂量浒苔多酚干预对肥胖小鼠生理生化指标以及肠道菌群数量和结构的影响。结果表明,EPP能抑制肥胖小鼠体重增长,降低血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度(LDL-C)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)浓度,增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)浓度,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。此外,EPP干预可提高有益菌如拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、艾克曼菌属(Akkermansia)及副杆菌属(Parabacteroides)的相对丰度,促进短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)分泌;降低有害菌如瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcaceae)及颤螺菌属(Oscillospira)的相对丰度。因此,浒苔多酚作为功能性食品成分能够减轻高脂饮食诱导的小鼠肥胖症状。本研究为浒苔多酚作为海洋资源的开发与利用提供了理论依据与数据支撑。