两级式呼吸阀能保证油罐呼吸安全

对油罐三种特殊呼吸的气量供需情况进行了计算与分析,结果表明,因罐内气体温度急降引起的油罐定压呼吸所需气量与现用呼吸通气量之间的差值很大,由此产生的负压造成油罐塌介绍了一种能适应油罐各种呼吸要求的新型两级式呼吸阀,当罐内压力快速变化时,该阀可快速全开,能很好地适应油罐的各种呼吸要求。可为油罐安全呼吸提供了可靠保障。．     

改性膨润土处理含油废水的试验研究

研究了以Al2(SO4)3为改性剂对钠基膨润土改性后的吸附去油性能。经过正交试验,选出了优化工艺条件;讨论了各个合成因素对改性膨润土除油效果的影响;室温下最佳用土量为6·8g/L、pH值为7~12、搅拌时间为3min时,改性膨润土对乳化油废水除油率可达98·9%以上。     

生物油/柴油乳化燃料的燃烧特性

为了研究生物油/柴油乳化燃料的燃烧特性,利用非离子表面活性剂复配,对热解生物油/柴油混合液进行了乳化,测量了乳化燃料的密度、热值、动力黏度及pH值。在SD1110型柴油机台架上进行4种不同配比的生物油/柴油乳化燃料的发动机台架试验,得出了柴油机燃用生物油/柴油乳化燃料和纯柴油的负荷特性和排放特性曲线,并且对乳化燃料和纯柴油的排放特性进行了对比。研究结果表明：生物油体积分数为20%的乳化燃料当量油耗率最低,乳化燃料CO的排放高于柴油的排放,且生物油含量越高CO排放越大,而乳化燃料的NO及碳烟的排放则优于纯柴油的排放。由于生物油/柴油乳化燃料的理化特性与柴油接近,可以作为普通柴油机的燃油使用。     

Gel Forming Ability and Other Properties of Eleven Underutilized Tropical Marine Fish Species

Abstract

The gel forming ability and other characteristics of the mince of 11 underutilized marine fish were studied. They were Bombay duck, silverbelly, sea catfish, silver jewfish, jewelled shad, queenfish, Spanish mackerel, hardtail, Indian tuna, tripletail and false conger eel. Mince was prepared from fillet and a portion of the mince was washed two times with cold water (5°C) containing 0.1% NaCl. Both washed and unwashed mince were ground with 3% NaCl. Ground paste was then stuffed into plastic tube and heated for one- and two-step heating. In the one-step heating, the tubes were subjected to 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 50°, 60°, 70° and 80°C for 60, 120 and 180 min. In the two-step heating, the tubes were pre-heated at 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 50°, 60°, 70° and 80°C for 60, 120 and 180 min. After the pre-heating, the tubes were immediately subjected to 85°C for 30 min. The gel was subjected to puncture, folding, expressible moisture and sensory tests.

Two-step heating distinctly improved the gel strength compared to the one-step heating. The improvement due to two-step heating was more at low preheating temperatures from 25-35°C. Washing improved the texture and color of all of the gels except Bombay duck and decreased the extent of gel-disintegration in silverbelly, queenfish, sea catfish and hardtail. The gels were set optimally at 35°-40°C for most species. Species variation in the disintegration of the gels was observed. Bombay duck mince produced very weak gel. Neither two-step heating nor washing could improve the gel quality of Bombay duck mince. Our data suggested that jewelled shad, queenfish, silver jewfish, sea catfish, tripletail and false conger eel could be suitable as the material for surimi.     

Somatic Embryogenesis in Hypocotyl Protoplast Culture of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

By using a system of agirose plating and agarose bead culture, it was possible to induce efficient somatic embryogenesis in protoplast-derived calli of two rapeseed varieties, ‘Ceres’ and ‘Duplo’. Protoplasts were isolated from hypocotyls. For the initial protoplast culture a modified 8P medium was employed containing 2,4D (1.0 mg/l), NAA (0.1 mg/ 1), BAP (0.4 mg/l) and mannitol (7 %). After microcalli were obtained in four weeks, somatic embryos were induced by a two-step method. This involved a modified MS medium containing 2,4D (3.0 mg/l) in the first step and no 2,4D, but BAP (3.0 mg/l) and GA₃ (0.1 mg/l) in the second. This procedure also secured plant regeneration.     

基于改进两步移动搜索法的合肥市中心城区综合公园可达性评价

为提高城市综合公园布局均衡性地定量评估的准确性，以合肥市中心城区为例，提出一种基于改进多出行模式的两步移动搜索法，利用高德地图的路径规划模型，结合双变量局部空间自相关、洛伦兹曲线以及基尼系数等方法，在手机信令数据的基础上对不同时间阈值下的城市综合公园的可达性及供需情况进行分析，进一步揭示中心城区综合公园布局的合理性。结果显示：合肥市中心城区综合公园的可达性空间差异显著，可达性较高区域通常分布在新城区以及综合公园周边地区，并且随着时间阈值的提高，可达性水平的空间分布呈现均衡态势；合肥市中心城区在15 min与30 min时间阈值下均只有近5%的居住网格处于供需匹配状态；近7%的居住网格处于供需显著不匹配状态，主要集中于老城区西部以及滨湖区北部区域，居住区密度与综合公园数量是影响供需匹配的重要原因。研究结果表明，通过利用手机信令数据与高德路径规划数据作为数据源对传统可达性的计算方法以及两步移动搜索模型进行改进，建立微观尺度下城市综合公园的可达性评价框架，能够精确地评估城市综合公园的可达性；通过优化城市交通的通达程度以提高居民综合公园游憩出行的阈值，能够显著促进城市综合公园整体的空间分布合理性。     

高温低渗油藏表面活性剂驱影响因素研究

为改善高温低渗油藏开发效果,开展了表面活性剂驱影响因素研究。通过在114℃条件下,对亲水、亲油低渗岩心进行表面活性剂驱油实验,考察了界面张力、乳化作用、润湿反转以及注入时机对注入压力、驱油效率等的影响。研究结果表明,表面活性剂体系与原油间的界面张力越低,提高驱油效率和降低注入压力的幅度越大。表面活性剂的乳化速率越高,原油采收率越高;乳化降黏能力越强,降压效果越好;同时,适当降低乳状液稳定性也对驱油有利。表面活性剂的润湿反转作用使其能在较高界面张力下有效驱油,并在亲油岩心中获得较亲水岩心更好的增油降压效果。此外,在中等含水阶段进行表面活性剂驱,能够利用最低的投入获得最高的原油采收率。     

超声乳化生物质柴油稳定性研究

为提高乳化生物质柴油稳定性,以超声波为外加能量,构筑超声波加乳化剂的生物质柴油乳化体系,考查超声波频率、超声激励波形、超声功率与超声时间等超声因素对生物质柴油乳化效果及稳定性影响.根据试验要求设计槽式可变频率可控波形超声波乳化仪,在实验中改变超声波频率、波形、功率和处理时间,比较各因素条件下制备的乳化油稳定性.结果表明,在超声乳化生物质柴油效果及稳定性的影响因素中,影响最大为处理时间、其次为功率、频率最小为超声激励波形,超声作用的最佳操作条件是超声功率30W,处理时间8min,超声频率25 kHz以及超声波形为方波脉冲,此条件下制取的乳化油稳定性能最好,且燃烧特性良好,自然放置稳定时间可达2 256 h.     

二步发酵法在西番莲果皮酵素加工中的应用

以西番莲果皮为对象,研究酿酒酵母菌、乳酸菌二步发酵工艺,制备乳酸菌和酿酒酵母菌活菌数高、多酚保留好、风味醇和的果皮浆。通过单因素和正交优化实验,以酿酒酵母菌和乳酸菌活菌数、总酚、乙醇生成量为指标,分别优选了单一乳酸菌和酿酒酵母菌发酵的工艺参数,在此基础上,通过测定总酸含量、活菌数、总酚含量等指标的变化,确定二步法发酵西番莲果皮浆的工艺参数为：发酵总时间40 h,酿酒酵母菌初始接种量1.5%,在29 ℃下发酵16 h后,再接入2.0%复合乳杆菌（干酪乳杆菌∶植物乳杆菌=1∶1）,在37 ℃下继续发酵24 h至终点。制备的西番莲果皮发酵液中,复合乳杆菌活菌数为8.93 lg CFU/mL,酿酒酵母菌活菌数为7.78 lg CFU/mL,总酚含量为24.00 μg/mL,总酸含量为4.40 mg/mL。二步发酵法发挥了酿酒酵母菌产香、产乙醇抑制杂菌,以及乳酸菌提高酸度、保留多酚物质的优点。     

Usage of Two-step Red Homologous Recombination Method to Knockout the Gene of Escherichia coli

Knock-out is the most direct way to explore gene's function. The traditional method of Escherichia coli (E.coli) gene knock-out is to use its own RecA reorganization system, which relies on the specific given cleavage sites of restriction enzymes, requires long homologous arm, furthermore, the operation is complex. Modification of the genome has become simple and rapid since the advent of Red homologous recombination method. And its application in E. coli gene knock-out has been more mature. The structure and functional principle of Red homologous recombination is introduced, besides, this review expounds the operating steps and notices of the common two-step Red-mediated recombination. The Red homologous recombination technology in E.coli has made great contribution in the area of modifications of engineering strain, pathogenicity and bacterial resistance of the pathogenic bacteria. Additionally,the advantages and shortcomings of the method are set forth. According to the disadvantage that the traditional method do leave recombinase recognition site scars and has low efficiency, a sum of classical methods for scar-less gene replacement are described in the final part of the article. These approach can provide better applications for the construction of E.coli genome.