陕西农业生产效率评价以及影响因素分析—基于DEA-Tobit两步法

运用DEA-Tobit两步法对陕西农业11个市区2002-2008年农业生产效率及其影响因素进行了分析,并结合Malquist指数,对陕西省农业生产效率的变化进行了动态评价。结果表明,全省平均综合技术效率较高,但是各市区之间差异较大。最后,通过Tobit分析发现,陕西农业生产效率与农民文化水平以及农业生产中投入资金量呈正相关关系。     

Improvement of the emulsifying properties of porcine sarcoplasmic proteins with a low-molecular weight surfactant by the two-step emulsification method

The emulsifying properties of porcine sarcoplasmic protein (SP) with or without low-molecular weight surfactants were examined. The emulsifying activity (EA) of SP was weaker than that of sodium caseinate (CA), blood plasma (BP) and whey protein isolates at a protein concentration of 0.5–3%. Sodium chloride decreased the EA of SP. The EA of SP was about one quarter that of CA in the presence of 3% sodium chloride. As homogenization time increased, the EAs of SP and BP decreased. The EA of SP was not influenced by sucrose stearate ester (SE) with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of 16 (SE-16) but was decreased by those with HLB values of 5 and 1. Low-molecular weight surfactants such as SE-16, Tween 80 and sodium cholate improved the EA of SP with the two-step emulsification method: corn oil was previously emulsified with the surfactant before addition of SP and homogenization. In the case of the addition of SE-16 as primary emulsifier, the EA was about twice as high as that of SP alone. The same effect was shown in the emulsions formed by CA and soy protein isolate. These results indicate that the emulsifying properties of meat protein would be improved by the addition of a low-molecular weight surfactant in a two-step emulsification.     

两步扩增法在玉米抗大斑病相关基因片段分离中的应用

对一步扩增法和两步扩增法在DDRT-PCR中的扩增效率进行了比较,结果发现,两种方法得到的片段大小都在150~1500 bp之间,但条带数量和清晰度不同。一步扩增法得到的扩增条带为30~45 条,条带较模糊,两步扩增法得到的扩增条带为40~60条,条带清晰。一步扩增法获得102 条玉米抗大斑病差异表达条带,只有55条带中的cDNA能够成功回收并产生有效扩增,差异条带回收率为53 9%,而两步扩增法获得了148条差异条带,其中138条带都能得到有效回收和扩增,回收率达93 2%。因此,两步扩增法更有利于差异条带的回收和二次扩增。     

D-柠檬烯纳米乳对牛肉中食源性致病菌的影响（英文）

由于良好的抗菌活性和稳定的性能,D-柠檬烯纳米乳被广泛报道。研究D-柠檬烯纳米乳对伤寒杆菌,乙型副伤寒杆菌和痢疾志贺氏菌在37℃下培养24 h的抑菌活性,并在4℃牛肉中于第1 d、2 d、3 d分别检测对伤寒沙门氏菌,痢疾杆菌来评价其抑制效果。利用超声乳化法制备D-柠檬烯纳米乳。在最小抑菌浓度(MIC)实验中,D-柠檬烯纳米乳对三种受试菌的最小抑菌浓度为2.5 mg/m L。在牛肉试验中,基于MIC,D-柠檬烯纳米乳在牛肉中的添加浓度分别为40 mg/m L,20 mg/m L和10 mg/m L,20 mg/m L和10 mg/m L稀释液,结果两种受试菌最好的抑制浓度和时间均相同,分别是40 mg/m L和24 h。该研究表明D-柠檬烯纳米乳应用于食品中可能是食品安全的有效解决方案。     

Acoustic identification of isada krill, Euphausia pacifica Hansen, off the Sanriku coast, north-eastern Japan

In this study, the feasibility of identification and abundance estimation of isada krill, Euphausia pacifica , was examined using a two-frequency (38 and 120 kHz) method. The acoustic survey and midwater trawling were conducted off the Sanriku coast, northern part of Honshu, Japan. In one pattern, the SV difference between the two frequencies was large, and in the other, the SV difference was small. These results were interpreted by scattering models, and showed that discrimination between isada krill and walleye pollock was possible.     

Consumer perceptions of food safety risk: Evidence from a segmentation study in Albania

Albania is facing serious problems with the national food safety control system in terms of legislation, control and enforcement. The objective of this paper is to analyse consumer perceptions about safety of small ruminant meat in Tirana, in a context of weak enforcement of the food safety system. Applying two-step clustering analyses, consumers were classified in four socio-demographic clusters, and it was found that the cluster composed of female consumers with lower education and income levels, and the two clusters composed of male consumers perceive consumed meat as safe. Consumers in the cluster composed of females with university education and higher income are, on average, more concerned with current meat safety measures and tend to place more trust in the veterinarian stamp on meat carcasses rather than in local butchers.     

A simple method based on laboratory inoculum and field inoculum for evaluating potato resistance to black scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani

A two-step method was developed to evaluate potato resistance to black scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Tuber piece inoculum was first conducted in the laboratory, which was also first reported in this study. After inoculation with pathogen discs and culture for 48 h, the necrotic spots on the inoculated potato pieces were generated and measured by the crossing method. Further evaluation was conducted through field experiments using a wheat bran inoculum method. The wheat bran inoculum was placed into the pit dispersedly and surrounded seed tubers. Each cultivar or line was subjected to five treatments of 0-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-g soil inoculum. The results showed that 2–4 g of wheat bran inoculum was the optimum for identifying tuber black scurf resistance. The laboratory scores positively correlated with the incidence and severity of black scurf in the field. According to the results in the laboratory, relatively resistant cultivars could be selected for further estimation of tuber black scurf resistance in field experiments. It is a practical and effective screening method for rapid identification of resistant potato germplasm, which can reduce workload in the field, shorten time required for identification.     

人造肥牛脂肪稳定性及贮藏性研究

对人造肥牛脂肪的稳定性及贮藏性进行了研究。结果表明,肥牛脂肪在室温下6h内可以保持较高的乳化稳定性,在贮藏期内(温度为4℃,21d),乳化稳定性保持在80%以上。对肥牛脂肪酸价、过氧化值、细菌总数进行分析。结果表明,肥牛脂肪在冷藏过程中酸价、氧化稳定性、微生物稳定性均有所下降,但仍符合食用标准。     

适宜物理-酶联合改性提高酸性条件下大豆分离蛋白乳化性

为提高酸性条件下大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolates,SPI）的乳化性能,该文研究了物理-酶联合改性对SPI（pH值为4）的乳化性能影响,通过对比确定了物理-酶联合改性,即超声波-酶复合改性和挤压膨化-酶复合改性两种改性方法在酸性条件下的乳化性能效果最好;并通过对改性后 SPI（pH 值为4）进行溶解性、游离巯基、二硫键、粒径、扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope,SEM）和激光共焦扫描显微镜（confocal laser scanning microscopy,CLSM）分析,从蛋白结构变化上进一步揭示了乳化性能提高现象的原因。结果表明：超声波联合植酸酶-酸性蛋白酶改性的 SPI （Uphy-aci-SPI）的乳化活性（emulsifying activity index,EAI）为0.53 m2/g,比未改性SPI（0.18 m2/g）显著提高了196%（P<0.05）,乳化稳定性（emulsifying stability index,ESI）为17 min,比未改性SPI（13.5 min）显著提高了25.9%（P<0.05）;挤压膨化联合菠萝蛋白酶改性的SPI（Ebro-SPI）的EAI为0.46 m2/g,比未改性SPI显著增加了155%（P<0.05）,ESI为17 min,比未改性SPI显著增加了25.9%（P<0.05）。在pH值为4的条件下对物理-酶联合改性的SPI的性质分析发现,物理-酶联合改性的SPI与未改性SPI相比,物理-酶联合改性的SPI的溶解性显著增加（P<0.05）;物理-酶联合改性的SPI的乳状液平均粒径减小,CLSM观察乳状液中油与蛋白溶液稳定共融,改善了油滴之间的空间排斥力。物理-酶联合改性的SPI游离巯基的含量显著增加（P<0.05）,二硫键含量显著降低（P<0.05）。SEM观察物理-酶联合改性的SPI为结构松散、破碎均一的微观结构。由此可见,乳化性能的提高是通过深层改变蛋白的结构来实现的。该研究可为探索提高酸性条件下SPI的乳化性能的方法提供理论依据。     

两步法预处理制备生物质燃料乙醇

为了扩展燃料乙醇制备的预处理工艺的发展方向,该文针对燃料乙醇制备的2种新预处理方法——半纤维素分离两步预处理法和木质素分离两步预处理法进行了试验研究。分别以能源植物柳枝稷和农业废弃物玉米秸秆为原料,考查了这2种方法对酶水解过程中糖产量的影响。结果表明,半纤维素分离两步预处理法对柳枝稷的较优处理条件为:第一步预处理用3%质量分数的过氧化氢溶液在50℃处理16h,第二步预处理用去离子水在121℃处理30min,最终酶水解可获得89%的纤维素转化率;木质素分离两步预处理法对玉米秸秆的较优处理条件为:第一步预处理用碱性乙醇溶液(1%质量分数氢氧化钠和70%质量分数乙醇)在80℃处理2h,第二步预处理为去离子水在135℃处理30min,最终酶水解可获得83%的纤维素转化率;扫描电镜观察,柳枝稷和玉米秸秆的纤维束均被破坏,纤维素酶的作用面积得到提高。同时,分离提取了部分半纤维素和木质素,可以回收提纯,应用于高附加值化学产品的制备。这一结果表明,这2种方法为实现燃料乙醇制备工程工业化提供依据。