陕西瀛湖富营养化特征与控制对策

陕西省安康市境内的瀛湖是南水北调中线工程丹江口水库的重要水源地,随着社会经济的发展和人类活动的加剧,2001年开始出现水华。为保护其水生态环境,依据2015年实测数据,采用综合营养指数法对瀛湖水体进行营养状态评价。结果表明:(1)瀛湖目前年均综合营养指数为43.78,整体上处于中营养水平,总磷、总氮和叶绿素a对综合营养指数的贡献率最大,合计达到78.34%;(2)瀛湖水体TP和TN浓度分别为0.2 mg/L和1.2 mg/L,从营养盐水平上看,已处于富营养化状态,存在暴发大面积水华的风险;(3)瀛湖各采样点的综合营养状态指数在39.58~46.31,相差不大,总氮、总磷的营养指数在整个湖区也比较均匀,表明总氮和总磷污染物来自安康市汉滨区以上更为上游的汉江流域;(4)基于瀛湖的生态特点,结合当地社会经济发展状况,建议瀛湖选择适宜的渔业发展模式,形成健康的水生生态系统结构,探究瀛湖热分层规律,优化大坝水调度方案,实施全流域环境-经济协同管理战略,削减入湖污染物。     

Free-living nematode community structure and distribution within vineyard soil aggregates under conventional and organic management practices

Soil biota play a crucial role in soil ecosystem stability, promoting organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Compared to conventional farming,organic farming is known to improve soil properties such as aggregation. Despite the importance of soil microbial communities in soil biogeochemical processes, our knowledge of their dynamics is rudimentary, especially under different agricultural management practices. Here we studied the effects of vineyard management practices(conventional an...     

Multi‐decadal climate and fishing predictors of abundance for U.S. South Atlantic coastal fishes and invertebrates

Abundance of marine stocks fluctuates in response to both internal processes (e.g., density dependence) and exogenous drivers, including the physical environment, fishing, and trophodynamic interactions. In the United States, research investigating ecosystem drivers has been focused in data‐rich systems, primarily in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. To develop a more holistic understanding of important ecosystem drivers in the Southeast U.S. continental shelf Large Marine Ecosystem, we applied generalized linear and dynamic linear modeling to investigate the effects of climate and fishing covariates on the relative abundance trends of 71 demersal fish and invertebrate species sampled by a coastal trawl survey during 1990–2013. For the assemblage as a whole, fishing effects predominated over climate effects. In particular, changes in trawling effort within the penaeid shrimp fishery governed abundance trends of bony fishes, invertebrates, and elasmobranchs, a likely result of temporal changes in bycatch mortality. Changes in trawling intensity induced changes in overall community composition and appear to have altered trophic interactions among particular species. Among climate indices investigated, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Western Bermuda High Index were most prevalent in well‐supported dynamic linear models. Observed annual abundance trends were synchronous among some taxonomically related species, highlighting similar responses to exogenous influences based on life history. This study strengthens the foundation for generating hypotheses and advancing ecosystem‐based fisheries research within the region.     

Differing trophic niches of three French stygobionts and their implications for conservation of endemic stygofauna

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饲养密度和性比对蠋蝽存活和繁殖生物学特性的影响

蠋蝽是优良的捕食性天敌昆虫,可捕食40余种重要害虫。为明确成虫不同的性别配比和饲养密度对蠋蝽的寿命、繁殖力和后代生长发育的影响,促进蠋蝽的规模化饲养,在室内测定了不同性别配比（雌/雄为4F/2M、3F/3M、2F/4M、6F和6M）和密度（雌/雄为4F/2M和2F/1M;3F/3M、2F/2M和1F/1M）的蠋蝽的存活率、产卵量、无效卵的比例以及后代发育速率和性比等指标。结果显示,不同饲养密度和成虫性别配比对蠋蝽的存活率、产卵量、有效卵的孵化率以及无效卵的比例均有显著影响,但对后代的发育速率和性比无显著影响。2F/2M的蠋蝽30 d内存活率最高（65%）,且无效卵的比例最低（12.68%）,单头雌成虫30 d内产卵量为105.5粒,与产卵量最高的处理1F/1M无显著差异。4F/2M的蠋蝽的卵孵化率最高,为88.05%,但是与2F/2M（81.57%）无显著差异。2F/2M的蠋蝽适合度指数最高（441.14）,而3F/3M的适合度指数最低。结果表明,在高10 cm,直径7 cm的透明塑料杯内饲养蠋蝽成虫时,雌、雄成虫最佳饲养密度和性别配比为2F/2M。选用合适的饲养密度和性别配比可显著提高蠋蝽成虫的繁殖力。     

Human‐induced gradients of reef fish declines in the Hawaiian Archipelago viewed through the lens of traditional management boundaries

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Fish proteins not lipids are the major nutrients limiting the use of vegetable ingredients in catfish nutrition

The objective of this study was to determine the major nutrient limiting growth and lipid metabolism in African catfish fed diets composed of vegetable ingredients. Four diets were formulated from contrasted meal (fish meal: FM; vegetable meal: VM) and oil (fish oil: FO; vegetable oil: VO) sources. Replacement of FO by VO did not affect specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency, whereas lower values were recorded in the case of FM replacement. LC‐PUFAs muscle contents were higher in fish fed control FMFO diet than in fish fed vegetable ingredients. However, the decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentration in FMVO group was limited compared to VM groups despite the same low DHA level in those three diets. These results may suggest an activation of LC‐PUFA biosynthesis from PUFA precursors brought with vegetable oils in FMVO group. This hypothesize is reinforced by the significant stimulation of elovl5 gene expression in liver and intestine from fish fed FMVO. Therefore, this study demonstrated that African catfish is able to bioconvert LC‐PUFAs at a significant biological level when FO is replaced by VO whereas the use of plant proteins has strong detrimental effects on growth performances.     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of processed agro‐food by‐products in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of processed agro‐food by‐products were assessed in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Each experimental diet was obtained by replacing 300 g/kg of a commercial‐based diet used as reference (REF) with a test ingredient: wheat germ (GERM), okara meal (OKA), poultry by‐product meal (POULT), steam hydrolysed (FeHY) and enzyme‐treated feather meal (FeENZ), beta‐lactoglobulin (β‐Lg) and peptide fractions >3,000 Da obtained from brewer's yeast (YeastP) and fish by‐products (FishP). Dry matter ADC was highest in β‐Lg (95%) and lowest in OKA (40%). Protein ADCs were high in β‐Lg, FishP, GERM and POULT (>93%); intermediate in FeHY and FeENZ (85%–88%); and moderate in OKA and YeastP (70%–78%). The essential amino acids' ADC mean was above 91% in POULT, β‐Lg, GERM and FishP, 84%–89% in FeHY and FeENZ and 73%–76% in YeastP and OKA. Energy ADC was highest in POULT and β‐Lg (89%–95%) and lowest in YeastP and OKA (61%–64%). Lipid ADC was highest for POULT and GERM (100%). Phosphorus ADC was lowest in GERM (19%) and highest in β‐Lg (88%). FeHY, FeENZ, POULT, GERM, FishP and β‐Lg are highlighted as protein sources for European seabass.     

辣木的有效成分、保健功能和开发利用研究进展

辣木(Moringa oleifera)是辣木科辣木属的热带落叶木本蔬菜及油料作物,有着丰富的营养价值和独特的生物活性,极具开发潜力。从辣木有效成分辣木油、蛋白质、总黄酮等的提取,抗氧化及保护肝脏、降血糖、降血脂、抗菌消炎等保健功能和开发利用等方面进行综述,为辣木资源的研究利用提供参考。