A comparison of changes in stable isotope ratios in the epidermal mucus and muscle tissue of slow‐growing adult catfish

Although stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool for determining diet, migration patterns and the structure of food webs in aquatic systems, the slow response of isotopic ratios in the widely used muscle tissue often hampers this approach, particularly in slow‐growing or adult fishes. We conducted a diet‐switch experiment to compare the changes in the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C values) in the epidermal mucus and muscle tissue of five‐year‐old catfish (Silurus asotus). The isotope ratios in noninvasively sampled mucus changed more rapidly than those in the muscle tissue. As isotopic change in mucus was relatively rapid, this technique can be used over a finer timescale than traditional isotopic analyses using the muscle tissue. The isotopic change half‐life in our experimental condition was 200 days, which would not be short enough for some research purposes. Examining mucus along with the muscle would enable food habits of slow‐growing fishes to be determined over different timescales. However, the rate of isotopic change in the mucus was negatively affected by the size of fish and was slower than the previously reported rates in juvenile steelhead. These findings suggest that mucus turnover rates need to be determined prior to the field data interpretation.     

Net energy of oat bran,wheat bran,and palm kernel expellers fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry

The objectives of this experiment were to (a) determine the effects of fiber increase in diets on heat production (HP), (b) determine the net energy (NE) of oat bran (OB), wheat bran (WB), and palm kernel expellers (PKE) fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry (IC). Twenty‐four growing barrows (29.2 ± 2.6 kg) were randomly allotted to one of four diets with six replicate pigs per diet. Diets included a corn‐soybean meal basal diet and three test diets containing 30% OB, WB or PKE, respectively. During each period, pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 20 days, including 14 days to adapt to the diets. On day (d) 15, pigs were transferred to the open‐circuit respiration chambers for determination of daily total HP and were fed one of the four diets at 2.3MJ ME/kg body weight (BW)^0.6/day. Total feces and urine were collected for the determination of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and daily total HP was measured from d 15 to d 19 and fasted on day 20 for the measurement of fasting heat production (FHP). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and organic matter (OM) were greater (p < 0.01) in pigs fed the basal diet compared with those fed the test diets. The ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was lower (p < 0.01) in pigs fed the WB diet compared with those fed the basal, OB, or PKE diets. The ATTD of ether extract (EE) in pigs fed the PKE diet was greater (p < 0.01) compared with those fed the other diets. The average total HP and FHP in pigs fed the four diets were 1261 and 787 kJ/kg BW^0.6/d, respectively, and were not significantly affected by diet characteristics. The NE:ME ratio for diets ranged from 78.1 to 80.9%. The NE contents of OB, WB, and PKE were 10.93, 7.47, and 8.71 MJ/kg DM, respectively.     

Net energy content of five fiber‐rich ingredients fed to pregnant sows

The present study was conducted to determine the net energy (NE) values and energy efficiency of wheat bran (WB), sugar beet pulp (SBP), corn gluten feed (CGF), soybean hulls (SBH), and defatted rice bran (DFRB) fed to pregnant sows. Thirty‐six multiparous pregnant sows were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment. Each period lasted for 21 days including 14 days for adaptation. On day 15, sows were moved into respiration chambers for heat production (HP) measurement and provided feed at 544 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day. On day 20, sows were fasted to measure the fasting heat production (FHP). Experimental diets included corn‐soybean meal basal diet and five diets containing 29.20% WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB, respectively. Results showed that inclusion of WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB to basal diet decreased (p < 0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients. The average adjusted total HP and FHP were 418 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day and 326 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day, respectively. The average NE:ME ratio of experiment diets was 82.5%. In conclusion, the NE values of WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB were 9.05, 8.59, 8.37, 7.64, and 7.93 MJ/kg DM, respectively.     

四川省常用能量饲料和蛋白质饲料中重金属分布研究

本试验旨在了解四川省常用能量饲料和蛋白质饲料中重金属的分布,为饲料和畜产品安全生产提供科学依据。采集四川省内常用的68份能量饲料[包括玉米、小麦、干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)、喷浆玉米皮、麦麸、米糠]和61份蛋白质饲料(包括玉米蛋白粉、玉米胚芽粕、豆粕、菜籽粕和棉籽粕),利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法对锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、钒(V)、铬(Cr)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、硒(Se)、钼(Mo)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)和铅(Pb)含量进行了测定。结果表明:1)玉米中的Cu、Cr和Pb超标率分别为5.00%、20.00%和5.00%,超标样品平均值分别为11.00、1.41和1.06 mg/kg;小麦中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Se和Pb超标率分别为50.00%、30.00%、50.00%、20.00%和30.00%,超标样品平均值分别为12.96、54.67、4.92、0.53和0.72 mg/kg。2)麦麸中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Se、Cd和Pb超标率分别为100.00%、54.55%、81.82%、9.09%,45.45%和72.73%,超标样品平均值分别为16.01、62.00、13.96、0.82、0.42和1.99 mg/kg;米糠中的Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Se、Cd和Pb超标率分别为83.33%、16.67%、83.33%、83.33%、16.67%、66.67%和100.00%,超标样品平均值分别为11.48、64.00、5.37、1.05、0.32、0.23和19.57 mg/kg。3)玉米胚芽粕中的Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Se和Pb超标率分别为25.00%、37.50%、75.00%、12.50%、25.00%和50.00%,超标样品平均值分别为13.50、64.00、6.10、1.82、0.46和1.66 mg/kg;玉米蛋白粉中的Cu、Cr和Se超标率分别为11.11%、55.56%和55.56%,超标样品平均值分别为11.40、1.56和0.94 mg/kg;喷浆玉米皮中的Zn、Cr和Pb超标率分别为44.44%、77.78%和55.56%,超标样品平均值分别为57.50、6.13和1.65 mg/kg;DDGS中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Se、Cd和Pb超标率分别为33.33%、58.33%、66.67%、8.33%、8.33%和66.67%,超标样品平均值分别为11.75、62.57、5.57、0.30、0.62和4.47 mg/kg。4)豆粕中的Cr和Se超标率分别为15.00%和25.00%,超标样品平均值分别为3.90和1.63 mg/kg;棉籽粕中的Cr、Se和Pb超标率分别为40.00%、30.00%和15.00%,超标样品平均值分别为3.43、1.18和3.14 mg/kg;菜籽粕中的Cr、As、Se、Cd和Pb超标率分别为81.82%、18.18%、45.45%、9.09%和72.73%,超标样品平均值分别为7.48、2.22、0.36、0.24和4.91 mg/kg。综合考虑,粮食加工副产物和菜籽粕中的重金属污染较严重,其中Cr和Pb的含量在部分饲料原料中严重超标,具有潜在的危险,应引起重视。     

枸杞叶成分及药理作用研究进展

枸杞叶含有丰富的营养成分(蛋白质、氨基酸、矿物质、微量元素等)和活性成分(黄酮类、萜类、生物碱、甾类等),具有抗氧化、降血糖血脂、强体明目之功效,是潜在的功能性食品及添加剂等的主要植物来源,具有很高的开发价值。现对枸杞叶的研究成果进行总结和归纳,以期为枸杞叶的深入研究和开发收集素材。     

南沙群岛海域鸢乌贼摄食习性与营养生态位

鸢乌贼在中国南海海域资源丰富,是灯光罩网渔船的主要捕捞对象之一.本研究对南沙群岛海域中型群和微型群鸢乌贼样品进行采集,利用传统胃含物分析法和碳、氮稳定同位素技术研究其摄食习性、营养级、营养生态位及与饵料生物的关系.结果显示,鸢乌贼以摄食鱼类、头足类和甲壳类为主,且在不同生长阶段,饵料组成有所差异;胴长小于100mm的微...     

鲨类的脂质代谢及其生理生态作用

鲨类生活过程中的能量来源于脂质代谢。肝脏是鲨类储存脂质的最主要器官,其储存的甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸为主要能量来源。消化吸收食物中的脂质是鲨类脂质积累的外源性途径,而肝脏内合成脂质是脂质积累的内源性途径。鲨类体内脂质的储存和代谢途径与硬骨鱼类相比,具有特异性,鲨类血液中游离脂肪酸与脂蛋白结合运输;将脂质储存在肝脏内;肝外组织脂肪酸氧化有限,更依赖于酮体的代谢产能,这些特征均与硬骨鱼类的脂质代谢途径相异。繁殖过程中,鲨类通过脂质以卵黄的形式为后代提供生长发育所需的营养。此外,肝脏和肌肉内的脂肪酸组成可用于分析鲨鱼的摄食信息。掌握鲨类的脂质代谢途径,对了解其生活史,揭示鲨类物种进化过程,制定有效的物种资源保护策略,具有重要的指导意义。     

贵州省紫云县不同等级烟叶化学成分的变化特征

为优化烤烟生产技术措施、改善烟叶品质,采用方差分析方法对贵州省紫云县2009—2015年B2F、C3F和X2F等级烟叶的主要化学成分特征变化规律进行分析。结果表明:紫云县烟叶化学成分基本在优质烤烟适宜范围,总体协调性较好。其中,B2F等级烟叶的还原糖含量和两糖比年度间差异显著;C3F等级烟叶的总氮含量年度间差异显著,两糖比年度间差异极显著;X2F等级烟叶的总氮含量年度间差异显著,钾氯比和两糖比年度间差异极显著;中、下部烟叶的总糖、还原糖及钾含量,氮碱比和糖碱比显著高于上部烟叶,总氮及烟碱含量随烟叶部位升高而增加,钾含量、糖碱比、钾氯比和氮碱比随烟叶部位升高而降低。2009—2015年上部烟叶的烟碱含量总体呈下降趋势,下部烟叶略呈上升趋势,中部烟叶较稳定。     

胡麻秸秆栽培香菇配方筛选试验

以胡麻秸秆为主要基质与阔叶木屑配制成不同的组合,进行栽培香菇配方筛选试验.结果表明:不同的配方香菇均能生长,但香菇的产量和长势有明显的差异,其中以配方④(胡麻秸秆20％、阔叶木屑60％、麦麸12％、玉米面6％、石膏1.5％、过磷酸钙0.5％)香菇菌丝的生长良好,鲜菇产量及质量均高于对照,生物转化率达97.6％.     

檵木药用活性成分及药理作用研究进展

檵木是湖南省主要的园林绿化植物,每年有大量修剪的枝叶,通过对其药用活性成分及药理作用的分析,可以为檵木进一步在农业植物保护领域的深入研究和开发利用提供参考。主要总结了檵木中的药用活性成分,包括挥发油、鞣质、黄酮和木脂素等,并综述了活性成分的药理作用如抑菌、消炎、抗氧化、促愈合等。