稻草补饲苜蓿对山羊瘤胃发酵的组合效应

将9只体况良好、体质量相近(41.3±1.2) kg、安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成都麻羊半同胞羯羊, 随机分成3组, 饲以稻草基础日粮, 分别补饲苜蓿(Medicago sativa, MSL)25%(MSL25)、50%(MSL50)与75%(MSL75), 进行瘤胃内环境的测定及发酵指标的组合效应研究。结果显示, 3组不同苜蓿补饲水平混合粗饲料的瘤胃液相pH在6.53～6.93, NH3-N浓度在9.42～43.27 mg·dL-1, 总挥发性脂肪酸浓度在69.45～107.28 mmol·L-1, 菌体蛋白浓度在73.56～132.23 mg·dL-1, NH3-N浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度与菌体蛋白浓度均随苜蓿补饲水平的增加呈非线性增加。以MSL25作参照的瘤胃发酵指标的多项指标组合效应指数(MFAEI), MSL75的为1.21, 仅为MSL50组1.03的1.17倍。表明当山羊稻草基础日粮苜蓿补饲水平超过50%时, 提高稻草纤维物质利用率的组合效应增加不明显。     

Einfluß eines variierten N-Angebots auf α-Amylase-Aktivität, primäre Dormanz und Auswuchsresistenz von Weichweizen (Triticum aestivum L.), Roggen (Secale cereale L.) und Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack)

Influence of Varying N-Fertilization Rates on α-Amylase Activity, Primary Dormancy and Resistance to Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), Rye ( Secale cereale L.) and Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack)
Pre-harvest sprouting, induced by unfavourable ecological conditions, can affect the grain growers success considerably. Positive correlations are reported between resistance to pre-harvest sprouting and primary dormancy. Genotypes with a short dormancy period have a high pre-harvest sprouting risk. In the case of a premature germination of caryopses in the head of grain a hydrolysis of intact starch granules caused by the endoenzyme α-amylase takes place in the endosperm.
Negative correlations between falling number and protein content are reported, however, it is unknown, if a varying N-application influences pre-harvest sprouting rates, dormancy periods and amylase activity. For this reason, both greenhouse and field trials were conducted with different N-fertilization rates and (additional in the greenhouse) a rain simulation treatment.
High amounts of α-amylase a few days post anthesis are opposed to small enzyme activities in mature kernels. Stratificating temperatures and germination inducing precipitations at the same time are inducing pre-harvest sprouting and a high α-amylase activity especially in rye and triticale. It seems as if N-deficiency reduces the possibility of pre-harvest sprouting, on the other hand high N-rates increase the enzymes' activity and promote germination processes in the kernel. Effects of N-fertilization on dormancy are not known.
In the discussion of reasons for an increase of α-amylase activity in sprouted grain caryopses, changes in the relation of the phytohormones gibberellic acid (promoter of enzyme activities) and abscisine acid are mainly presumed.     

河西地区几种多年生栽培牧草的产量比较

通过对几种栽培饲草盛产期生产力水平试验,筛选出适宜河西地区高水肥条件下栽培的多年生饲草种类为松香草Silphium perfoliatum、紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa、百脉根Lotus corniculatus、无芒雀麦Bro-mus inermis,干草产量依次达到30 120、21 179、20 679和25 024 kg/hm2;粗蛋白产量分别达到6 174.6、5 083.4、4 756.2和2 628.0 kg/hm2,无氮浸出物达到8 478.4~11 911.4 kg/hm2。在河西地区每年刈割3茬产量最高,干草产量比刈割2茬提高7.4%~20.6%。鲁梅克斯Rumex acetosa、披碱草Elymus dahuricus高感白粉病和黑粉病,大面积栽培需要加强病害防治或更新抗病品种。     

A comparison of various cultivars and lines,of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus Corniculatus)

Abstract

Yields of 17 entries of Lotus corniculatus were measured over two seasons at Ermelo in the south‐eastern Transvaal. There were marked differences between entries in the date of commencement of flowering in the establishment year, the relative abundance of flowers, and the degree of dormany in the winter. Root rot caused by the fungi Fusarium and Phoma caused extensive damage. There were indications that the cultivar Norcen was resistant to the fungi and that Germplasms MO 20 and NC 83 had partial resistance.     

应用AMMI模型分析冬性饲草型小黑麦品种稳定性

[目的]研究饲草型小黑麦区域试验品种稳定性问题.[方法]应用AMMI模型对冬性饲草型小黑麦区域试验产量数据进行分析,并结合稳定性参数Di(j)和双标图对鲜、干草产量的基因型、环境和基因型与环境(G×E)互作进行分析.[结果]参试品系在各试点上总体适应性表现较强,6个参试品系中WH07 -2鲜草产量上表现出既高产又稳产,适宜于作为刈割青贮品种.[结论]AMMI模型是分析基因型与环境(G×E)互作的有效方法,应用此方法对饲草型小黑麦区域试验品种(系)进行评价会更加科学完善.     

梯牧草和燕麦草的营养价值及其奶牛瘤胃降解特性

选择3头安装有瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛进行头茬、二茬梯牧草和燕麦草体内试验,比较3种饲草的营养成分及其瘤胃降解率和降解特性的差异。结果表明：梯牧草的粗蛋白质(CP)和粗脂肪质量分数显著高于燕麦草的,而可溶性碳水化合物和相对饲喂价值则显著低于燕麦草的,梯牧草头茬和二茬间的营养成分的差异无统计学意义;燕麦草、二茬和头茬梯牧草的瘤胃内干物质有效降解率依次为48.22%、41.76%和36.54%,且三者间的差异有统计学意义;二茬梯牧草和燕麦草的瘤胃内CP有效降解率相近,分别为53.09%和53.20%,且显著高于头茬梯牧草的(36.67%);二茬梯牧草和燕麦草的瘤胃内中性洗涤纤维有效降解率分别为36.61%和35.10%,且两者间的差异无统计学意义,但均显著高于头茬梯牧草的(28.62%)。可见,二茬梯牧草具有作为奶牛常规粗饲料资源的潜力,可用于替代燕麦草。     

Pasture legumes differ in herbage production and quality throughout spring,impacting their potential role in fodder conservation and animal production

This study reports on the herbage production and quality of a range of pasture legume species during spring, at three sites with moderate to strongly acidic soils in southern NSW, Australia. These data have enabled prediction of livestock production when legumes are conserved as silage or hay. Total herbage production, its timing and quality differed significantly between species, which generally was not predicted by the traditional metric of time to flowering. Trifolium incarnatum L., T. michelianum L., Biserrula pelecinus L., Ornithopus sativus Brot. and Hedysarum coronarium L. all maintained growth rates exceeding 200 kg DM/ha/d for 4 weeks over spring, while T. vesiculosum Savi. maintained this for 6 weeks, with a peak growth rate of 561 kg DM/ha/d. Herbage quality of all species declined over time and was greatest in species with a rapid increase in stem‐to‐leaf ratio or with weak stems, resulting in lodging. The modelling inferred that maximizing potential livestock production via fodder conservation required earlier cutting. Only the indeterminate species B. pelecinus and Ornithopus spp. increased potential liveweight gain per hectare through delayed harvesting from (probable) silage to hay‐making time.     

Potential for simultaneous improvement of grain and biomass yield in Central European winter triticale germplasm

Winter triticale, an abundant biomass source for producing biogas in Central Europe, has been bred until now for increased grain yield but not for early biomass yield. Therefore, our objectives were to assess the feasibility of breeding triticale for simultaneous improvement of early biomass and grain yield as well as to predict the early biomass yield using an index of traits measured at maturity stage. A representative sample of 100 triticale lines was evaluated in Experiment I at four locations in Germany. Traits were measured at two growth stages (early dough and full maturity). Genetic variances were significantly different from zero for all traits. The correlated response for early biomass yield estimated from grain yield (0.53) was high, which points to the efficiency of indirect selection. A multiple regression model was developed to predict early biomass yield. The reliability of the model was confirmed in an independent Experiment II with 49 lines. The calibration model explained 55% of total variation for early biomass yield. This clearly underlines that at least during earlier stages of selection, field testing can be carried out for grain yield and related traits to select potential genotypes with high biomass yield based on the developed regression model.     

The conservation management of upland hay meadows in Britain: a review

Upland hay meadows conforming to MG3 in the National Vegetation Classification of the UK are a rare habitat in Britain and are largely confined to upland valleys in northern England. Agricultural intensification, particularly ploughing and reseeding and a shift from hay‐making to silage production over the last 50 years, has resulted in large losses of species‐rich upland hay meadows. Remaining species‐rich meadows have been the focus of much nature conservation effort resulting in many of the species‐rich sites being protected by statutory designations or through voluntary agri‐environment scheme agreements. Research and monitoring has tended to confirm that species richness is maximized by management involving spring and autumn grazing, a mid‐July hay cut, no inorganic fertilizer and possibly low levels of farmyard manure. Deviations from this regime result in a loss of species richness. Restoration of semi‐improved grassland to swards resembling species‐rich MG3 also requires a similar regime but is also dependent on the introduction of seed of appropriate species. The role of Rhinanthus minor as a tool for manipulating meadow biodiversity during restoration management is discussed. Suggestions for future research are outlined.     

Effects of spreading species‐rich green hay on the botanical composition of an agriculturally improved hay meadow in northern England

The technique of enhancing species diversity by spreading species‐rich green hay following turf scarification was tested in a semi‐improved meadow site in Cumbria, UK. Botanical assessments were carried out in May 2008 (prior to treatment), May and October 2009, and May 2010. Both total species‐richness (number of species per m²) and the richness and aggregate cover of positive indicator species were enhanced by hay spreading, with an average of 21·8 species per m² compared with 17·0–18·7 species per m² for other treatments by May 2010. Significant increases in all three variables occurred by May 2009, with even greater increases between this assessment and May 2010. Hay spreading introduced seven new species, most of which subsequently increased over time, and enhanced the frequency of a further seven. All these species together accounted for only about 5% of vegetation cover in 2010, but the level of species‐richness achieved was equivalent to that of good quality semi‐improved grassland and also equivalent to that achieved in studies where the technique was developed. Results are discussed in detail in relation to the seeding phenology of species at the donor site, as are other factors affecting the technique's potential and possible means of enhancing it.