我国农作物病虫害化学防控技术的环境成本分析

本文分析了农作物病虫害化学防控技术环境成本产生的原因与类别,指出土壤污染、水源污染渔业损失、病虫害抗药性、天敌种群及生物多样性损失、蜂产品损失、蜜蜂等授粉损失是主要的环境成本类别。初步分析了各类别环境成本的经济影响额度,初步测算出我国使用农药防控农作物病虫害所产生的环境成本至少在39.4~118.7元/kg(折百)。     

城乡建设用地增减挂钩背景下的新型农村社区建设成本与经济效益

以政府为主体,从资金的角度研究城乡建设用地增减挂钩实施过程中新型农村社区建设成本和可能产生的经济效益,并以张湾东宏社区为例进行价值化分析,得出政府应在土地流转产生的经济效益的基础上统筹分配农民拆迁安置补偿和社区基础设施建设的资金投入,并提出合理化的建议,为完善城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策、破解社会主义新农村建设资金瓶颈问题提供参考依据。     

宁杂21号不同种植方式效益比较

以杂交油菜新品种宁杂21号为材料,采用大面积生产上常见的3种移栽种植和2种直播种植方式,在高产栽培条件下研究不同种植方式的产量水平和经济效益,分析比较不同种植方式的用工、农资和农机成本,探索降低生产成本、提高经济效益的途径。结果表明,5种种植方式都能取得高产,平均产量达到3 282.30 kg/hm2,变幅为2 899.50~3 642.00kg/hm2,虽然移栽种植的产量水平和总产值分别高于直播种植429.25和2 189.18元/hm2,但直播种植的生产成本低于移栽种植2 098.81元/hm2,经济效益基本持平。试验结果还表明在油菜生产成本中,人工成本占60%以上,其中收获用工成本又占人工成本的50%左右。因此,在目前生产条件下,应用直播种植、机械收获,可有效降低生产成本,提高油菜经济效益。     

关于控制盐渍化的制度安排——以土耳其为例

在高度集权的非市场决策的环境下,有效需求是由政治决策者提出的。他们的决定只出于政治方面的考虑,与当地需求无关。政府方面的有效控制盐渍化服务由于其较高的多变性和交易成本而受到妨碍,而将它们最小化的行政程序本身又导致下水位的上升。有了自治的用水户协会,输水系统的维护和水资源分配条例的实施工作得到改善。可是,它们对控制盐渍化的贡献很小,需要国家对其加以调控。     

太阳能光伏发电烤房烤后烟叶等级质量及节本增效效果研究

试验以气流下降式大型密集烤房为对照,研究在其基础上改建而成的太阳能光伏发电烤房烤后烟叶等级质量及其烘烤节能效果.结果表明:在农用电供电正常情况下,改建后的太阳能光伏发电烤房对烤后烟叶等级质量、烘烤效益无明显影响;在烘烤出现农用电停电情况下,改建后的太阳能光伏发电烤房对烤后烟叶等级质量、烘烤效益有明显提升.在烘烤能耗方面,改建后的太阳能光伏发电烤房与大型密集烤房相比,当太阳能光伏发电系统供给1座烤房用电时,太阳能光伏发电烤房节电率可达100％,当太阳能光伏发电系统供给4座烤房用电时,太阳能光伏发电烤房下、中、上部烟叶耗电量平均每炕分别节省达37.34％、35.89％、41.12％,节电效果明显.因此,将太阳能光伏发电系统作为整个烘烤工场的备用电源,可有效保障烟叶烘烤的顺利进行,保证烤烟烘烤烟叶质量.     

互联网给中国米商带来的机遇

重点介绍了互联网为企业发现市场、降低成本、提升品牌等带来的便利,并指出企业在运用互联网中应注意的问题,以及米商应如何利用互联网等问题。     

基于改进蚁群算法的服务组合研究

在服务计算过程中，服务组合问题是其中关键的技术之一。在原子候选服务数目巨大的情况下，经典的算法一般都是寻找问题的最优解，存在运算量大，运行时间长的缺点，蚁群算法并不是寻找服务组合问题的最优解，而是得到用户能够认同的可行解。为了能够更有效的为用户提供各种服务，在静态的服务组合建立过程中，以服务发现的候选原子服务集合中的服务质量为权重，将服务组合问题分解成一个有向无环图，在组合代价为最小的原则下，采用改进的蚁群算法为搜索方法，迭代一定的次数或者达到用户设定的服务质量为算法的终止条件，找到能够组合为用户需要的原子候选服务集合，进而快速、准确的得到用户期望的服务。     

The Ecological Concept of Costs of Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)

Plant defence is thought to provide benefits for the defended plants. Theoretical concepts must, therefore, explain why there is variation in defensive traits, which naively might be assumed to be present constitutively in fixed high amounts. Explanations are mainly based on the assumption of fitness costs. Investment in defence is thought to reduce the fitness of plants in enemy-free environments. Fitness costs often result from allocation costs, i.e. allocation of limited resources to defence, which then cannot be used for growth or other fitness-relevant processes. This theoretical concept can provide a useful tool for the interpretation of induced plant responses against pathogens, named induced systemic (or systemic acquired) resistance (ISR or SAR). Phenotypic plasticity, leading to induced responses, might have evolved mainly to reduce costs, since investment in defence is restricted to situations actually requiring defence. ISR can incur allocation costs and other, indirect costs, which ultimately may lead to fitness costs. Evolution of any defensive trait depends on both what a plant ideally 'should do and what it actually 'is able to do. Costs of defence constrain its expression. This might have important influences on the evolution of plant defensive traits, as well as on the exploitation of natural defences in agricultural crop protection.     

Costs of studying veterinary science: a national survey of fourth year veterinary students

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the costs to the student of veterinary education. METHOD: A questionnaire was completed by 180 fourth-year veterinary students from the four veterinary schools in Australia. Frequencies and median costs were estimated using the SAS System for Windows 95. RESULTS: The median direct living costs were about $5000 per academic year, but were higher in Sydney and for those with additional expenses including children, pets and cars. Other costs associated with the course including text books, equipment and travel to practical work were of the order of $1000, and income foregone while doing practical work placed additional burdens on some. More than half the students from Sydney and Murdoch needed to work to provide basic necessities. Most of this work involved interaction with animals or people. The percentage of Queensland and Melbourne students needing to work was lower, 47 and 24 respectively, and fewer of those worked directly with animals or people. The students expected to repay a median of $14,000 after they graduate, with 70% of this being due to the Australian government as part of the Higher Education Contribution Scheme. CONCLUSIONS: Although parents contributed an average of between one-third and one half of the costs of obtaining a veterinary degree, the extent of parental contributions was very uneven and almost one half of all students needed to work to provide basic necessities. The average total debt on graduation was about half the annual starting salary, but those starting the course from 1997 are subject to much higher charges, and their average debt is likely to exceed one year's salary.     

The financial and production impacts of bovine dermatophilosis in Zambia

During October to December 1986, 365 traditional cattle herds in four provinces in Zambia were inspected and the owners interviewed. Information was collected on the treatment, management and disposal of cases of bovine dermatophilosis and on the effects of this disease on productivity for 1985. The contemporary financial cost per case of treatment and/or premature disposal, slaughter or death to the owners was K. 202 (US$ 91). The cost due to draft oxen being affected was estimated at K. 428 (US$ 193) per affected ox. The cost of reduced milk production, replacing affected cows and calf deaths, directly or indirectly from bovine dermatophilosis, was estimated at K. 132 (US$ 78) per affected milking cow. The total annual national cost of bovine dermatophilosis in 1985 was conservatively estimated to be some K. 6.9 million, (US$ 3 million). There were indications that the true financial cost in 1985 may have been up to 1.8 times the estimated cost.