农村投融资制度变迁的经济效应

我国现有农村投融资的糊度性缺陷已成为糊约解决“三农”问题的瓶颈，不适应农业和农村经济发展的需要。文中以翩度经济学为理论依据，分析了农村投融资制度演进的特征，并对其制度变迁的经济效应进行了理论和实证分析。     

基于GIS和RS的黄龙山林区土地时空动态变化分析

以黄龙山林区为研究对象,结合1990年、2000年、2008年3期TM图像,运用RS和GIS技术分析黄龙林区1990-2008年间土地利用动态的空间变化过程,并利用马尔柯夫模型对土地动态变化及演变趋势进行预测分析。结果表明:2000年以前,土地利用变化快,土地利用动态度为1.60%,并且转移较分散,而从2000年以后,土地利用动态度降为0.94%,转移方向趋于集中;1990-2008年期间,有林地面积增加最多,达427.06km2,疏林地和未利用地面积大幅减少,耕地面积先增后减,主要土地利用转变方式为其他土地利用类型转向有林地;预测结果表明:2008年以后的16a内(2008-2024年),研究区内耕地、疏林地、未利用地等将进一步减少且增减幅度不断降低;有林地和其他林地面积将继续增加,城乡用地和水域等也有增减但幅度不大。     

新农村建设中农户的居住生活变化及其生计转型

农户生计问题是政府和学界关注的焦点.采用参与式农村评估法,对新农村建设热点区域邛崃市的典型村进行了实地调查和分析,结果发现:①农村居民点是一个与农户生计息息相关的多功能复合单元.②新居建设改善了农户的居住区位和生活条件,但功能趋于单一化;按照城市的居住生活习惯设计新居的功能结构,导致农村居民点用地大幅减少.③土地整理新增耕地和因迁建而得的新居房产,是农户新获取的重要物质资产;利用掌握的社会资产寻找非农就业机会、拓展就业渠道对农户改善生计至关重要.由于普遍缺乏高质量的人力资产,农户实现生计多样化仍要克服许多困难;随着庭院经济的没落,农户生活资料的市场依赖性日趋增大,传统的家庭农具面临贬值、淘汰;在物质资产减少、家庭负担加重、收入缺少增长的处境下,政府的金融性资产支持难以促进农户金融资产的增长.④居住生活方式和生计资产的变化直接或间接地引起农户生计转型,呈现"正面的非农化"和"负面的非农化"两种趋向.⑤新农村建设照搬城市的居住生活方式对农户缺乏现实意义,可能背离了此项决策的初衷.建议地方政府依据农户的家庭状况和发展需求,分类指导,设计不同的政策细节,为农户创造适宜的发展机会.     

Endocannabinoid system and proopiomelanocortin gene expression in peripartal bovine liver in response to prepartal plane of nutrition

Endocannabinoids are fatty acid amides (FAE; oleoylethanolamide and anandamide) which have orexigenic, anorexigenic or anti‐inflammatory properties. We examined mRNA expression via qPCR of endocannabinoid receptors (CNR1 and CNR2), enzymes that synthesize FAE (HRASLS5 and N‐acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D), enzymes that degrade FAE [fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), N‐acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) and monoglyceride lipase (MGLL)], and the hormone precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in liver at ?14, 7, 14 and 30 days around parturition from cows fed with a control (CON; NE_L = 1.34 Mcal/kg) or moderate‐energy (OVER; NE_L = 1.62 Mcal/kg) diet during the dry period. Expression of CNR2 and POMC was greater at 7 days in cows fed with OVER because of a decrease in expression between ?14 and 7 days in cows fed with CON. Cows fed with CON had an increase in expression of FAAH, HRASLS5, NAA, MGLL and POMC between 7 and 14 days; for FAAH and HRASLS5, such response led to greater expression at 14 days vs. cows fed with OVER. Cows fed with OVER vs. CON had a approximately twofold increase in expression of MGLL between ?14 and 7 days followed by a gradual decrease through 30 days at which point expression was still greater in OVER vs. CON. FAAH, MGLL and HRASLS5 were the most abundant genes measured. Expression of the hepatic endocannabinoid system and POMC was altered by plane of dietary energy prepartum particularly during the first 2‐week postpartum. Such responses may play a role in the physiological adaptations to the onset of lactation, including energy balance and feed intake.     

Protective role of 14-3-3γ in burn and LPS-induced rat myocardial injury

AIM: To study the protective role of 14-3-3γ in burn or LPS-induced myocardial injury. METHODS: The rat model of burn or LPS-induced injury was established. The heart functions and 14-3-3γ protein expression were detected 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after treatment. Primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were used in vitro. pFLAG-14-3-3γ plasmid was constructed and transfected into the cardiomyocytes 24 h before LPS-induced injury. The injury in the cardiomyocytes was evaluated by measuring the cell viability and the level of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH). Apoptosis of cardiomyocytes was detected by flow cytometry. Opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) was also determined by Ca²⁺-induced swelling of isolated myocardial mitochondria. RESULTS: The expression of 14-3-3γ was elevated following the burn or LPS-induced myocardial injury in vivo. In vitro, transfection with pFLAG-14-3-3γ plasmid in to the cardiomyocytes significantly protected against LPS-induced injury. Compared with the cardiomyocytes without transfection with pFLAG-14-3-3γ plasmid, higher cell viability rate and lower LDH release, cell apoptosis and mPTP opening were observed in the cardiomyocytes transfected with pFLAG-14-3-3γ plasmid. CONCLUSION: The 14-3-3γ protein protects the heart against burn or LPS-induced injury by inhibiting the mPTP opening.     

Modelling the development of an uneven‐aged stand of Picea abies

A transition matrix model of an uneven‐aged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand is presented. The transition probabilities are based on material from 48 study plots in eastern Finland. The ingrowth of the transition matrix is based on material from 8 study plots and on previous studies. In the model runs the sustainable harvest proportion for 5 years varied between 7 and 20% of the stocking depending on the stand basal area. The shape of the stand diameter distribution had no notable effect on the sustainable harvest proportion. The extension of the thinning interval from 5 to 10 years slightly reduced the total removal during the simulation time.     

Determination of fiber length and juvenile and mature wood zones in Acer velutinum Boiss. trees grown in Iran

In our investigation we studied fiber lengths and the transition age from juvenile to mature wood in Acer velutinum Boiss. For this purpose, samples from three normal maple trees at a Noshahr site in northern Iran were selected. Disks were cut at breast height. Test samples were taken along a radial direction from the pith to the bark, accounting for every ring during a 48-year period. We used the Franklin method to distinguish between fibers of juvenile and mature wood. The results show that the fiber length increased along the radial direction from the pith to the bark. The transition age between juvenile and mature wood was determined at the 14th annual ring from the pith.     

Fecal pH and Microbial Populations in Thoroughbred Horses During Transition from Pasture to Concentrate Feeding

Abrupt dietary transitions and feeding of rapidly fermentable diets are common practices in the horse industry and have been associated with digestive and metabolic disorders that can impair the performance of horses. The present study investigated the effect of dietary transition from pasture grazing to confinement with concentrate feeding, and back, on fecal pH and bacterial populations of Streptococcus spp and Lactobacillus spp. Six Thoroughbred fillies, previously grazing perennial ryegrass and white clover-based pasture, were housed in individual stalls and fed an increasing ratio of concentrate to conserved forages for 13 days (days 1-13), followed by an abrupt transition back to only pasture-grazing for 3 days (days 14-16). The concentrate was initially offered at 0.83 kg dry matter (DM)/d and increased to 5 kg DM/d, whereas ensiled alfalfa was initially offered at 0.61 kg DM/d, increasing to 1.22 kg DM/d. Meadow hay was initially offered at 6.73 kg DM/d, decreasing to 1.6 kg DM/d. Fecal specimens were collected daily for determination of pH, and every 2 days for quantitative analysis of Streptococcus spp and Lactobacillus spp. Mean fecal pH increased significantly from pasture baseline values (pH 6.18) during the initial confinement and supplementation on day 1 (6.37), day 2 (6.52), day 3 (6.58), and day 4 (6.43) (standard error of mean [SEM]: 0.056; P < .001). By day 5, mean fecal pH values had decreased to, and remained at, baseline values until the horses returned to pasture, when another increase occurred at day 15 (6.45). Fecal colony forming units (cfu) of Streptococcus spp and Lactobacillus spp increased linearly (r = 0.94; P < .001) from 6.0 and 6.1 log₁₀ cfu/g on day -4, to 7.8 log₁₀ cfu/g on day 14 (SEM: 0.2 P < .001), respectively. Fecal cfu decreased on return to a pasture-only diet (P < .001). In this study, the increment of bacterial populations was associated with a relatively stable fecal pH and highlights the difficulty in identifying the effects of dietary transition on the equine hindgut health, without microbial culture.     

含气率对小流量下混流式混输泵轴系振动的影响

振动是反映混输泵运行稳定性的关键指标,液体含气率对混输泵的振动强度有重要影响.为探究小流量工况下含气率变化对混输泵轴系振动的影响规律,该研究以某3级混流式气液混输泵为研究对象,采用建立的多通道振动测试系统采集小流量工况下混输泵输送不同含气率的水时主轴和轴承座的振动信号,然后分析水中含气率对主轴和轴承座振动特性的影响规律...     

Comparison of cholesterol levels among lipoprotein fractions separated by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography in periparturient Holstein–Friesian dairy cows

Changes in lipoprotein profiles occur in dairy cows during the periparturient period and in cows with transition cow disease. Here, the lipoprotein profiles of Holstein–Friesian dairy cows during the periparturient period were obtained by anion-exchange, high-performance liquid chromatography to evaluate the usefulness of lipoprotein profile evaluation during the periparturient period and in cows with fatty liver and milk fever. Lipoprotein levels (including total and high- (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) cholesterol) in 10 healthy cows were low 4 weeks prepartum, with the lowest values at calving or within 1 week of calving; the values increased at 8 weeks postpartum. The lipoprotein levels were measured in 16 cows diagnosed with fatty liver (n=10) or milk fever (n=6) and compared to 10 healthy dairy cows. A significant difference was observed in HDL-C between healthy cows (at calving and 1 week postpartum), and the fatty liver and milk fever cows. Cows with fatty liver and milk fever had a lower mean HDL-C than the 10 healthy dairy cows at calving and 1 week postpartum. HDL-C might be a good indicator of energy balance for differentiating healthy cows from those with transition cow disease.