人工湿地冬季净化减排水产养殖废水效果

根据我国池塘养殖废水排放特点,研究了冬季人工湿地集中处理池塘养殖废水的效果。结果显示,在0.22 m/d水力负荷下,人工湿地对池塘养殖废水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)和悬浮物(TSS)的去除率分别达到35.0%,38.2%,34.7%,91.6%;水力负荷上升至0.36 m/d后,人工湿地对TN和COD的去除率显著下降为20.0%和27.9%(P<0.05),TP和TSS去除率变化差异不显著(P>0.05),分别为35.7%和和93.2%。经人工湿地处理后出水TN浓度低于1.5 mg/L,TP浓度低于0.2 mg/L,COD浓度低于8 mg/L,TSS浓度低于5 mg/L,均满足水产养殖废水排放要求,表明应用人工湿地技术能有效实现池塘养殖废水的减排。另外,冬季低温使人工湿地对池塘养殖废水中TN和COD的去除率与夏季相比显著降低(P<0.05),但通过对人工湿地进行曝氧能够显著提高其对TN和COD的去除率(P<0.05)。     

我国水产养殖节能减排问题分析

节能减排是实现可持续发展、人与自然和谐相处的关键。节能减排对于我国资源保护、环境保护、国际市场竞争能力、经济社会的可持续发展等都具有深远的意义。水产养殖在为人类提供水产品的同时,也对环境排放相应的污染物、造成能耗。在分析我国水产养殖排放、能耗及存在问题的基础上,提出实现水产养殖节能减排的对策。     

Ammonia reduction in seawater by Yucca schidigera extract: efficacy analysis and empirical modelling

Yucca schidigera is a plant native to southwestern USA and Mexico. Its extract has been used in the livestock industry to control ammonia accumulation in animal holding facilities, and to reduce ammonia concentration in animal excreta. This study investigated the potential and effectiveness of Y. schidigera extract (YUPE) for ammonia reduction in seawater. A dose–response experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different concentrations of YUPE at 0, 18, 36, 72 and 108 mg L⁻¹ on total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) at 1, 3 and 9 mg L⁻¹. At a higher YUPE dosage rate, higher TAN reduction was observed, and TAN reduction was highest during the first 12 h, and decreased thereafter. A stepwise multiple linear regression that included the initial TAN, YUPE concentration and time was developed, which accurately predicted empirical TAN concentrations. Applications of this model for ammonia management strategies were formulated for hypothetical tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) rearing conditions. YUPE's efficacy for ammonia reduction, natural origin and safety make YUPE a potentially suitable compound for water quality management in mariculture.     

对虾养殖实验围隔中的固氮作用及其氮输入

１９９７年６～１０月,以乙炔还原法进行了不同放养模式下对虾养殖实验中生物固氮作用的测定。结果表明,各围隔中,对虾单养（Ｙ－４）和对虾＋海湾扇贝（Ｙ－５）的固氮作用较高,均值分别为２．６２μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）和２．６５μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）;对虾＋罗非鱼＋缢蛏（Ｔ－５）的最低,为１．５３μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）,对虾＋缢蛏（Ｙ－６）和对虾＋罗非鱼（Ｙ－７）的分别为２．３０μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）和１．８９μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）。各围隔中固氮速率较高与水体有效氮含量较低及有效氮磷比值不高有关。水层固氮蓝藻主要为蓝球藻（Ｃｈｒｏｃｏｃｕｓ）和念珠藻（Ｎｏｓｔｏｃ）。估算各围隔实验期间固氮作用输入分别为Ｙ－４∶１７．７２ｇ;Ｙ－５∶１９．６３ｇ;Ｙ－６∶９．０５ｇ;Ｙ－７∶１０．５９ｇ;Ｔ－５∶７．９９ｇ。     

Primary fisheries management: a minimum requirement for provision of sustainable human benefits in small‐scale fisheries

The social and economic importance of small‐scale fisheries is frequently under‐valued, and they are rarely effectively managed. There is now growing consensus on how these fisheries could be managed for sustainability and to minimize the risks of crossing undesirable thresholds. Using a concept developed in health care, these approaches have been referred to as primary fisheries management. By encouraging the use of best‐available information in a precautionary way, the approaches will facilitate sustainable use and should therefore be encouraged, but they accept high scientific and implementation uncertainties as unavoidable because of limited management and enforcement resources and capacity. It is important to recognize that this limitation will result in social costs, because application of a precautionary approach in the face of high uncertainties will require forgoing potential sustainable benefits. Acceptance of primary fisheries management as a final and sufficient goal could therefore add a further constraint on the possibility of fishing communities escaping the poverty trap. Primary fisheries management should be seen as a first and minimum target for fisheries where there is currently no or inadequate management, but the longer‐term goal should still be well informed and adaptive management that strives for optimal benefits, referred to here as tertiary management.     

Reduction of Salt in Haddock Mince: Effect of Different Salts on the Solubility of Proteins

ABSTRACT

Due to negative health effects of high sodium intake, it is recommended to reduce the daily salt intake by around 50%. To reduce the sodium content, sodium salts can be exchanged with potassium or magnesium salts. The effect of sodium, potassium, and magnesium chlorides on extractability of proteins from fresh and frozen haddock muscle and minces was studied. Salting with KCl and MgCl₂ instead of NaCl changed protein extractability. The highest solubility of the proteins was achieved using Na⁺. However, at low concentrations, extractability in K⁺ and Mg²⁺ is on the same level as Na⁺, showing that partial substitution of NaCl with KCl or MgCl₂ is possible. Freezing affected the structure of tissue and protein properties, resulting in decreased amount of salt soluble proteins.     

Bacterial Contribution to Salted Anchovy (Engraulis anchoita Hubbs & Marinni, 1935) Ripening Process

The bacterial populations of the salted anchovy ripening process and its potential role on the development of the typical sensory characteristics of this product were studied. Salted anchovy samples were taken during the ripening process and submitted to microbiological analyses in order to monitor the evolution of bacterial groups. According to the results obtained, the ripening process was dominated by moderate halophilic bacteria. Moreover, many of the isolated strains showed proteolytic, lipolytic, and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) reductase activities. These activities contribute to the development of the typical flavor of this product and to the increase of total volatile bases observed during ripening.     

1株抗铜细菌的分离、鉴定及其还原特性的研究

从湖北省某重金属矿区的土壤中分离、筛选到1株能够还原Cu2 的菌株TT1.该菌株可以单抗3mmol/L的Cu2 .经对该菌株进行形态特征以及16SrDNA序列比对分析,确认该菌株属于地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis).TT1与Bacillus licheni formis的同源性最高,达到98%.在含有0.2mmol/L Cu2 的培养条件下,菌株TT1的生长不受影响.Cu2 还原的最适温度为30℃,在该温度下,24h时间内TT1可以还原71%的Cu2 ;Cu2 最适还原的pH为6.因此,TT1菌株有望用于含Cu2 废水的处理.     

晚稻增施肥料促早熟对比试验探讨

以增施肥料、常规施肥、施底肥3种不同处理的施肥方式作对比,结果表明：增施肥产量为7.19t,对比分别增9.27%、19.04%,同时因增施肥生育期比常规施肥处理缩短3d,比施底肥处理缩短6d。     

我国化学肥料和农药减施增效综合技术研发顶层布局与实施进展

化学肥料和农药是保障国家粮食安全和主要农产品有效供给不可替代的投入品,2015年我国以占世界7%的耕地面积,投入了超过世界总量33%的化肥农药。因此,围绕解决我国化肥农药过量施用带来的生态环境污染、农产品质量安全、耕地质量下降、生物多样性破坏、农产品生产成本持续升高等问题已成为关注重点。2016年至今,"化学肥料和农药减施增效综合技术研发"试点专项以突破减施途径和创新减施产品与技术装备为抓手,聚焦粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜、果树等重要农产品,依托农业产业政策进行了一体化实施。本文综述了此专项的整体布局、实施效果、科技产出、推广成效和管理经验,统计分析了研发、试验、转化、推广过程中的年度任务部署、中央财政资金分布、主持单位及课题单位分布、参与人员结构层次等相关数据,并总结了基础理论研究、共性关键技术、集成示范推广3个研究领域的阶段性成效,以期为减肥减药领域相关科研人员、推广机构、管理部门、技术用户、经营主体等提供参考。