冀东地区干乳期奶牛日粮中微量元素盈缺分析

该试验应用原子吸收光谱法对冀东地区干乳期奶牛基础混合日粮中的铜、铁、锰、锌含量进行测定和盈缺分析,以便为干乳期奶牛日粮配制提供借鉴。试验结果表明,基础混合日粮中铁、铜、锰和锌含量分别为299．87,14．38,37．70和32．67mg／kg。其中,铁含量为NRC（2001）报道干乳期奶牛铁需要量的16倍,是其他文献报道需要量的3倍;铜含量达到干乳期奶牛需要量;锰、锌的含量达到NRC（2001）报道干乳期奶牛铁需要量,而低于文献推荐需要量。     

5个矮化中间砧对‘沂水红’富士苹果生长、结果和叶片矿质元素积累的影响

【目的】探讨5个不同矮化中间砧对‘沂水红’富士树体生长发育的影响,为推广中国培育的具有自主知识产权的苹果矮化砧木提供依据。【方法】以5年生的矮化中间砧苹果幼树(‘沂水红’富士/M26、SH6、青砧2号、辽砧2号、M9T337/平邑甜茶)为试材,连续3年对不同砧穗组合树体生长、果实产量、品质及生长期叶片矿质元素进行测定分析。【结果】从嫁接复合体主干生长一致性看,辽砧2号与基砧和接穗的亲合性最好;在新梢生长动态上,不同砧穗组合虽相似,但SH6树体新梢年生长量始终处于较高水平;在枝类组成上,M9T337树体短枝比例最高(65.2%),长枝比例最小(11.1%);在单株平均产量上,M26较高;各组合果实的单果重、果形指数、果实硬度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量差异不大。生长期,辽砧2号、青砧2号和SH6上的叶片氮、磷、钾、钙和镁含量处于较高水平,辽砧2号叶片铁含量在整个生长期保持较高水平;生长后期,M9T337钙含量略高。【结论】SH6、青砧2号和辽砧2号作为中间砧嫁接‘沂水红’富士具有亲合性好,树体小,枝类组成合理,产量稳定,果实品质优良等特点。     

Status of selenium and vitamin E on Norwegian organic sheep and dairy cattle farms

Herbage selenium (Se) concentration is generally low in Norway. It is unknown whether feeding practices on Norwegian organic farms fulfil the dietary needs of Se and vitamin E for sheep and dairy cattle. Therefore we analysed Se in soil and herbage, and Se and vitamin E in animal blood in the indoor feeding season at 14 organic dairy and 14 organic sheep farms. The herbage Se concentration was low. Approximately 50 and 35% of all samples in the first and second cut, respectively, had Se concentrations below the detection limit of 0.01 mg/kg dry matter (DM). The median (10th, 90th percentile) Se concentrations were <0.01 (<0.01, 0.03) and 0.02 (<0.01, 0.06) mg/kg DM in the first and second cuts, respectively. Whole blood Se concentrations were 0.10 (0.04, 0.15) μg/g in dairy cattle and 0.14 (0.03, 0.26) μg/g in sheep. Vitamin E concentrations were 4.2 (2.7, 8.4) mg/l in dairy cattle and 1.3 (0.9, 2.4) mg/l in sheep. None of the soil or plant variables explained the variation in herbage Se concentration, although Se in soil and plant tended to be correlated. Herbage Se concentration was inadequate to meet the dietary Se requirements. Vitamin E requirement was only met in dairy herds. We recommend Se and vitamin E supplementation to ruminants on organic farms.     

The Estimation of Soil Trace Elements Distribution and Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Relation to Trace Elements Status of Sheep in Huangcheng Area of Qilian Mountain Grassland,China

The purpose of the present study was to survey contents of trace elements of Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn in the surface layer (0-20 cm) in the soil, pasture and serum of sheep in Huangcheng area of Qilian mountain grassland, China. Also the soil-plant-animal continuum was analyzed. Soil (n=300), pasture (n=60), and blood serum samples from sheep (n=480) were collected from Huangcheng area of Qilian mountain grassland, China. The contents of trace element in the samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer after digestion. The soil trace elements density distribution shows a ladder-like pattern distribution. Equations developed in the present study for prediction of Fe (R²=0.943) and Zn (R²=0.882) had significant R² values.     

Influence of diet on calcium metabolism, tissue calcification and urinary sludge in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Rabbits absorb more calcium (Ca) from their diet than they require, and excrete surplus via urine, which therefore contains a typical 'sludge'. This makes rabbits susceptible to Ca-containing uroliths. But given the Ca content of diets of free-ranging specimens, and the limited reports of urinary sludge and Ca contents in free-ranging lagomorphs, we can suspect that rabbits are naturally adapted to high urinary Ca loads. We fed four groups of New Zealand hybrid rabbits [n = 28, age at start 5-6 weeks) pelleted diets consisting of lucerne hay only (L, Ca 2.32% dry matter (DM)], lucerne:oats 1:1 (LG, Ca 1.36%), grass hay only (G, Ca 1.04%), or grass:oats 1:1 (GG, 0.83%) for 25 weeks, with water available ad libitum. Diets were not supplemented with Ca, phosphorus, or vitamin D. Rabbits on diets LG and GG had lower food and water intakes, lower faeces and urine output, grew faster and had higher body mass at slaughter (mainly attributable to adipose tissue). Apparent Ca digestibility decreased in the order L-LG-G/GG. Rabbits on L had larger and heavier kidneys, more urinary sediment at sonography, and a higher urinary Ca content than the other groups. No animal showed signs of urolithiasis/calcinosis at X-ray, sonography, or gross pathology. Kidney/aorta histology only sporadically indicated Ca deposits, with no systematic difference between groups. Under the conditions of the experiment, dietary Ca loads in legume hay do not appear problematic for rabbits, and other factors, such as water supply and level of activity may be important contributors to urolithiasis development in veterinary patients. However, due to the lower Ca content of grass hay, the significantly lower degree of urinary sludge formation, and the significantly higher water intake related with grass hay feeding, grass hay-dominated diets are to be recommended for rabbits in which urolithiasis prevention is an issue.     

水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿产量、品质和微量元素的影响

干旱严重影响牧草生长和生产,是黄土高原地区畜牧业发展的重要限制因素之一,深入理解牧草对水分供应的响应有助于优化管理、提高草地生产力。在温室控水条件下,探究了田间饱和含水量(FWC)的35%、50%、65%和80%,共4个水分水平下紫花苜蓿的生产性能差异,阐明水分胁迫对黄土高原牧草的影响。结果表明:1) 随水分胁迫的增强,紫花苜蓿株高和单株干鲜重均显著降低(P<0.05),但在65%FWC和80%FWC处理间干鲜重差异不显著。2) 50%FWC处理下紫花苜蓿中性洗涤纤维显著低于65%FWC处理(P<0.05),但与其他处理均无显著差异;35%FWC和80%FWC处理下粗蛋白含量显著高于50%FWC和65%FWC处理;可消化干物质、可消化养分总量、可消化干物质摄取量和相对饲喂价值在各水分水平下无显著变化。3) 随水分胁迫的增强,Cu和Fe浓度呈先升后降的趋势,而Mg和Mn则呈相反的趋势,Zn呈升高的趋势。5种微量元素的积累量在各水分水平下均差异不大,仅在80%FWC处理下Mg和Mn显著高于35%FWC和50%FWC处理。因此,轻度水分胁迫有利于紫花苜蓿产量和品质的提高,在50%FWC处理下,紫花苜蓿纤维含量低,营养价值高;在65%FWC处理下,紫花苜蓿产量较高。微量元素Mn、Mg、Cu和Fe在一定程度上可反映紫花苜蓿的品质特征。     

Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions in Maize Growing Season Under Different Fertilizer Regimes in an Upland Red Soil Region of South China

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.     

Trace element status of juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fed a fish-meal based diet with or without supplementation of zinc, iron, manganese and copper from first feeding

Growth, haemoglobin and element status were compared in Atlantic salmon fed a practical fish-meal based diet, unsupplemented or supplemented with a mixture of the elements zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) from first feeding (weight 0.20 g). The diets were fed to triplicate groups of fish from weeks 1–20 and to duplicates from weeks 21–34. The basal diet (Diet 1) was not supplemented and contained 67 mg Zn, 106 mg Fe, 4.7 mg Mn and 3.7 mg Cu kg^–1. Diet 2 was supplemented with 68 mg Zn, 34 mg Fe, 13 mg Mn and 3.5 mg Cu kg^–1. Iron was not added to Diet 3.
Mean weight and mortality did not differ among the groups at any sampling point. Whole-body Zn and Mn responded to dietary concentration at all sampling points. Plasma and vertebrae Zn concentrations responded significantly to dietary Zn concentration. There were no effects with Fe. The Fe status of the fish, assessed by whole-body and liver Fe concentrations, was low in all groups. No effect of supplementation was found for Cu and no accurate judgement either of status or requirement could be made from the present results.
It is concluded that supplementing fish-meal based start feeds for Atlantic salmon with Zn, Mn and Fe is appropriate, while further studies are needed for the evaluation of Cu supplementation. The supplementation levels used in the present experiment appeared to meet the requirements for Zn and Mn, while the supplemented level of Fe appeared to be too low. Deleting Fe from the element mixture did not significantly affect Fe status or that of Zn, Mn and Cu.
There was an accumulation of Zn and Fe with growth. Cu remained constant and there was a trend towards reduced Mn in the fish given the unsupplemented diet.     

我国三省稻田养殖克氏原螯虾肌肉中24种微量元素含量及健康风险评价

为探讨我国稻田养殖克氏原螯虾的微量元素含量水平和食用安全性,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析了湖北、湖南和安徽3省156份稻田养殖克氏原螯虾肌肉样品中24种微量元素的含量,并采用污染指数法、暴露评估和非致癌风险评价法进行污染评价和膳食评估。结果显示,在克氏原螯虾样品的24种微量元素中,Li、Be、Tl和U这4种元素未检出,Ni、Cd和Pb这3种微量元素检出率低于50%。有16种元素含量在安徽与其他两个产地间存在显著差异,而其中5种元素在3个不同产地间存在显著差异。所有克氏原螯虾样品中,有害重金属元素As、Cu、Pb、Cd和Cr的污染指数均小于0.2,处于正常背景值水平。研究表明,21种微量元素的总目标危害系数TTHQ=3.672<10,有害元素的THQ均在可接受范围,长期食用对人群没有明显的健康风险,但营养元素Fe的摄入值得关注。     

茶经济类科技文献的统计与分析

搜集、整理了中文茶经济类科技文献1 449篇,从文献统计和关键词分析的角度对其进行综述.文献统计显示,该类文献的数量在最近10年中呈现出具一定下凹度的曲线向上的增长趋势;共有461种期刊刊登茶经济类文献,其中发表50篇以上的有3种,另有64.2％的期刊每刊只发表1篇这类文章;共有第一署名作者1 152位,其中发表5篇以上的有12人;这些作者隶属于803个机构,以高等院校、农业类机构为最多,科研和经贸类机构较少.关键词分析得到,这些文献中共有不同关键词3 642个,出现总频次8 595次;出现频次处于前列的有“茶产业”、“产业化”、“发展”、“对策”、“品牌”、“名优茶”、“有机茶”、“普洱茶”