不同饲养阶段猪粪中微量元素含量水平调查研究

通过调查取样测定的方法研究了北京地区规模化养殖场不同饲养阶段猪粪中常见微量元素的含量水平。结果表明:各饲养阶段猪的粪便中微量元素含量差异显著;从平均含量水平来看,猪粪中铜锌呈现相同的规律,即仔猪粪>育肥猪粪>种猪粪,猪粪中镉含量的规律为种猪粪>仔猪粪>育肥猪粪,猪粪中砷含量的规律为育肥猪粪>仔猪粪>种猪粪;猪粪中的铜锌砷超标率均为100.00%,铜的最高含量可达1170.00mg/kg,锌的最高含量可达1860.00mg/kg,砷的最高含量可达104.00mg/kg;猪粪中的镉含量均不超标;为了有效减少粪便中的微量元素含量,必须严格控制饲料中微量元素的添加量。     

Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions in Maize Growing Season Under Different Fertilizer Regimes in an Upland Red Soil Region of South China

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.     

5个矮化中间砧对‘沂水红’富士苹果生长、结果和叶片矿质元素积累的影响

【目的】探讨5个不同矮化中间砧对‘沂水红’富士树体生长发育的影响,为推广中国培育的具有自主知识产权的苹果矮化砧木提供依据。【方法】以5年生的矮化中间砧苹果幼树(‘沂水红’富士/M26、SH6、青砧2号、辽砧2号、M9T337/平邑甜茶)为试材,连续3年对不同砧穗组合树体生长、果实产量、品质及生长期叶片矿质元素进行测定分析。【结果】从嫁接复合体主干生长一致性看,辽砧2号与基砧和接穗的亲合性最好;在新梢生长动态上,不同砧穗组合虽相似,但SH6树体新梢年生长量始终处于较高水平;在枝类组成上,M9T337树体短枝比例最高(65.2%),长枝比例最小(11.1%);在单株平均产量上,M26较高;各组合果实的单果重、果形指数、果实硬度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量差异不大。生长期,辽砧2号、青砧2号和SH6上的叶片氮、磷、钾、钙和镁含量处于较高水平,辽砧2号叶片铁含量在整个生长期保持较高水平;生长后期,M9T337钙含量略高。【结论】SH6、青砧2号和辽砧2号作为中间砧嫁接‘沂水红’富士具有亲合性好,树体小,枝类组成合理,产量稳定,果实品质优良等特点。     

Quantitative CT assessment of bone mineral density in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism

Canine hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is one of the most common causes of general osteopenia. In this study, quantitative computed tomography (QCT) was used to compare the bone mineral densities (BMD) between 39 normal dogs and 8 dogs with HAC (6 pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism [PDH]; pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism, 2 adrenal hyperadrenocorticism [ADH]; adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism) diagnosed through hormonal assay. A computed tomogaraphy scan of the 12th thoracic to 7th lumbar vertebra was performed and the region of interest was drawn in each trabecular and cortical bone. Mean Hounsfield unit values were converted to equivalent BMD with bone-density phantom by linear regression analysis. The converted mean trabecular BMDs were significantly lower than those of normal dogs. ADH dogs showed significantly lower BMDs at cortical bone than normal dogs. Mean trabecular BMDs of dogs with PDH using QCT were significantly lower than those of normal dogs, and both mean trabecular and cortical BMDs in dogs with ADH were significantly lower than those of normal dogs. Taken together, these findings indicate that QCT is useful to assess BMD in dogs with HAC.     

矿粒粒径对深海采矿扬矿泵磨损特性的影响

为研究矿粒粒径对深海采矿扬矿泵过流部件磨损特性的影响,采用DPM模型模拟泵内固液两相流动,并以基于流体动力学的Oka磨损模型仿真颗粒对过流部件的磨损,分析扬矿泵在不同矿粒粒径下的磨损规律.研究结果表明:随着矿粒粒径的增大,首级叶轮及次级叶轮的前后盖板磨损量分布逐渐均匀,前盖板磨损量的集中区域从出口压力面向叶轮中部及进口吸力面转移,后盖板磨损量集中分布区域从进口吸力面一侧向出口压力面一侧转移,叶片进口和出口的磨损面积均逐渐增大;首级空间导叶及次级空间导叶的叶片背面进口磨损面积逐渐增大,在轮毂出口处磨损区域向外逐渐偏移,且该位置磨损面积逐渐减小;当矿粒粒径从1.0 mm增大到5.0 mm时,首级叶轮和次级叶轮的前盖板最大磨损量分别上升132.9%和104.2%,首级叶轮和次级叶轮的叶片最大磨损量分别上升172.3%和142.5%,首级叶轮和次级叶轮的后盖板最大磨损量分别上升251.4%和102.3%,首级导叶和次级导叶的最大磨损量分别下降87.08%和74.26%.     

常见菌材主要营养成分及内含物质的分析

为筛选适宜食用菌栽培的速生、优质菌材,以在黔北地区收集到的刺槐、肉桂、水青冈、山白树等13个科17个属共17种菌材木段为试材,测定各菌材样品中的碳素成分含量、矿质元素含量和其他内含物成分。经检测、分析得知：17种菌材纤维素含量为35%~53%,半纤维素含量为15%~29%,木质素含量为18%~30%,钾、钙、磷、镁、铜、锰、锌含量分别为602~3270、1080~7590、14~304、153~905、0.83~3.31、1.71~106.00、2.00~15 .00 mg/kg,pH值为4.24~6.72,果胶含量为5.78~12.40 g/kg,总黄酮含量为93.6~4262.8 mg/kg,单宁含量为0.01%~9.16%。木质纤维素及矿质元素有利于食用菌的生长发育,单宁、果胶、总黄酮和不适宜的pH值则抑制食用菌的生长。综合分析表明,枫香树、肉桂、山毛榉、枳椇树、苦郎树和水青冈比较适合作菌材,而马桑树、梨树和刺槐不适合用来栽培食用菌。     

Simultaneous resistance to two or more broad-spectrum anthelmintics by gastrointestinal nematode parasites of sheep and goats

The detection, by means of faecal egg count reduction tests and larval cultures, of two cases of multiple anthelmintic resistance in goats and two in sheep, is reported. The former cases appeared to involve resistance to all three broad-spectrum drench groups (benzimidazole, levamisole, ivermectin) by mainly Ostertugia spp., the latter resistance to two of them (benzimidazole, levamisole) bv Trichostrondus spp. (New Zealand Veterinary Journal 38, 114–117, 1990)     

Geographical and botanical variation in concentrations of copper,molybdenum, sulphur and iron in sheep pasture plants in Norway

Abstract

To obtain a better knowledge basis for the correct supply of Cu to sheep in Norway, a systematic, countrywide investigation of element composition of pasture plants was conducted, with emphasis on natural pastures. Samples of pasture grass, herbs, willow shrub leaves and bilberry (N = 575) from 142 locations were analysed for Cu, Mo, S and Fe. A large geographical variation was observed for Mo concentration and Cu:Mo ratio, a somewhat smaller variation for Fe, while Cu and S concentrations showed limited geographical variation. The Mo variation led to a Cu:Mo ratio <2 in 2% of the samples and >20 in 62% of samples, confirming that the trace element composition of Norwegian sheep pastures may represent a risk of Cu deficiency as well as Cu overload, depending on location. A considerable botanical variation was also observed, in particular for Cu and Mo.     

不同添加剂饲喂的肉鸡中微量元素及亚硝酸盐含量的测定

以3组配方饲喂的600只AA肉用仔鸡为试材,对其7种微量元素和亚硝酸盐含量进行了随机测定。结果表明,3组肉鸡中微量元素(铅除外)、亚硝酸盐含量均低于我国无公害畜禽肉安全要求(2001)中规定的最高限量,并且组间无显著性差异(铅除外),但蜂胶组的铅含量显著高于其他组。     

痕量灌溉管不同埋深对日光温室沙培黄瓜的影响

以微喷灌溉(CK)为对照,研究痕量灌溉管在沙培中不同埋深对日光温室春季黄瓜生长、产量和水分生产效率等的影响.结果表明,T3处理(25cm)的黄瓜生长与CK(微喷)相比受到显著抑制,T1 (5cm)、T2(15cm)处理黄瓜生物积累量、叶片净光合速率、果实品质与CK相比均有所提高,不同处理间叶片电导率、MDA、根系活力差异不显著,T1、T2、T3处理沙子含水量均低于CK;T1处理的产量比T2处理提高了1.9％;与CK相比的T1、T2处理水分生产效率分别提高50.9％、60.0％.分析表明,日光温室沙培黄瓜栽培中痕量灌溉管埋设深度为5 cm最佳.