大沽河流域农田土壤磷有效性及全磷淋失影响因素试验

以青岛市大沽河流域砂壤、河潮土、砂姜土 3种农田土壤为研究对象,开展室内土柱试验,研究土壤pH、温度、含水率等理化性质与生物炭和氮肥配施对土壤有效磷(Olsen—P)和全磷(TP)淋失的影响,以期为提高农田土壤磷素有效性、减少全磷淋失提供参考依据.结果表明:3种土壤的pH在偏中性或弱碱性时磷素有效性最高,pH偏酸性时,...     

Effects of dietary ascorbic acid levels on cholesterol metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

An 80‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation at different levels (0, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg l ‐ascorbate‐2‐polyphosphate; 7.6, 77.2 and 146.7 mg/kg AA, respectively) on cholesterol metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Dietary AA supplementation regardless of inclusion level increased the serum total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and LDL cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. No significant differences were observed in the serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels, faecal cholesterol content, hepatic activity and mRNA expression of acyl‐coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase among the dietary treatments. Dietary AA inclusion increased the faecal bile acid content, hepatic activity and mRNA expression of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and hepatic cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase mRNA expression, but decreased the hepatic LDL receptor content. High level of AA supplementation (0.4 g/kg) depressed the serum cortisol levels. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with 0.2?0.4 g/kg l ‐ascorbate‐2‐polyphosphate may increase the serum total cholesterol level in rainbow trout. The cholesterol‐raising effect of AA may be due to the increased hepatic cholesterol production and the depressed cholesterol clearance from serum. In addition, dietary AA inclusion also facilitates the hepatic conversion of cholesterol to bile acids.     

The interim management procedure approach for assessed stocks: Responsive management advice and lower assessment frequency

Stock assessments are often used to provide management advice, such as a total allowable catch (TAC), to fishery managers. Many stocks are not assessed annually, and the TAC from the previous assessment is often maintained in years between assessments. We developed two interim management procedures (MPs) that update the estimate of current vulnerable biomass from a surveyed index of abundance to adjust the TAC from a previous assessment. These MPs differ in how they handle uncertainty in observed indices. Using closed‐loop simulation, we evaluated the two interim MPs (with 10‐ and 5‐year assessment intervals) against several “status quo” approaches: (1) an annual assessment, and (2) a stock assessment every 5 or 10 years with (a) fixed TACs or (b) projections between assessments. We evaluated performance across three life‐history types and six operating model scenarios. The interim MPs performed similarly to annual assessments in terms of trends in biomass and yield, regardless of the assessment interval of the interim MPs. The interim MPs often produced more yield than the Fixed TAC MP with 10‐year assessment intervals, for example, in depleted scenarios. The Fixed TAC MP performed more similarly to interim MPs when the assessment interval for the Fixed TAC MP was decreased to five years. The interim MPs can also perform well when circumstances arise that are not accounted for in the Projection MP. Our results show that interim MPs should be considered for infrequently assessed stocks or rebuilding stocks, and highlight potential cost savings of interim MPs over annual assessments.     

Disentangling density‐dependent effects on egg production and survival from egg to recruitment in fish

Understanding of density‐dependent effects is key to achieving sustainable management of self‐regulating biological resources such as fish stocks. Traditionally, density‐dependent effects on population abundance in fish have been considered to occur from hatching to recruitment, based on the paradigm of proportionality between spawning stock biomass and total egg production. Here, we demonstrate how the existence of intraspecific and interspecific density dependence in egg production changes the current understanding of density‐dependent processes in the life history of fish, by disentangling density‐dependent effects on egg production and survival from egg to recruitment, using sardine (Sardinops melanostictus, Clupeidae) and anchovy (Engraulis japonicus, Engraulidae) as model species. For sardine, strong intraspecific density‐dependent effects occurred in egg production, but no density‐dependent effects occurred or if any they were weak enough to be masked by environmental factors from hatching to recruitment. In contrast, for anchovy, interspecific density‐dependent effects occurred in egg production. In the survival after hatching, anchovy experienced stronger intraspecific density‐dependent effects than currently recognized. This analysis could overturn the current understanding of density‐dependent effects in the life history, highlighting contrasts between the effects on individual quality and population abundance and between the model species. We propose to reconsider the basis of fisheries management and recruitment studies based on the revised understanding of density‐dependent effects in the life history of the respective species.     

酒泉市1958—2016年太阳总辐射变化特征研究

摘 要：选取酒泉市境内敦煌、酒泉气象台站太阳总辐射观测资料及其他气象观测数据,建立太阳总辐射气候学计算模型,补充资料空缺。应用多项式及时间序列分析等方法研究酒泉市太阳总辐射随时间的变化规律;依托ArcGIS地理信息研究境内太阳总辐射空间分布情况,并进行分区。结果表明：酒泉市光资源极为丰富,年太阳总辐射6000~6450 MJ/m2,仅次于国内最大地区的青藏高原,具有很好的开发利用价值。1958—2016年太阳总辐射年际变化平均距平百分率3~4%,年际变幅较小;年际变化呈波动状,存在2个峰值时段和2个谷值时段,2012年之后呈增加趋势。太阳总辐射月变化最大值出现在6月,最小值出现在12月;夏季最多,冬季最少,春秋次之。境内太阳总辐射空间分布由北向南逐步递减,可分成Ⅲ个区,即Ⅰ北部辐射最尤丰富区、Ⅱ中部辐射尤为丰富区和Ⅲ南部辐射丰富区。     

绿洲农田土壤团聚体组成及有机碳和全氮分布对秸秆还田方式的响应

通过田间定位试验,在甘肃干旱灌区,研究了不同小麦秸秆还田方式(NTSS: 25~30 cm 高茬收割立茬免耕; NTS: 25~30 cm高茬秸秆覆盖免耕; TIS: 25~30 cm 高茬秸秆深翻耕; CT: 传统不留茬深翻耕—对照) 对农田土壤团聚体及有机碳和全氮分布特征的影响,以期为优化试区种植模式与提高农业可持续发展提供依据。结果表明：免耕秸秆还田处理(NTSS、NTS)≥0.25 mm团聚体含量较高,与CT相比,在0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层分别提高5.4%与12.5%、13.3%与14.1%、11.1%与19.2%,以NTS提高幅度较大。NTSS、NTS提高了0~10、20~30 cm土壤团聚体的平均重量直径,较CT处理分别提高6.7%与11.6%、7.6%与8.1%,以NTS提高效果最明显。NTSS、NTS处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量均高于 CT 处理,在0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层,有机碳含量分别增大8.1%与13.3%、7.4%与11.4%、7.8%与12.8%;全氮含量分别提高14.6%与17.9%、14.5%与17.9%、16.2%与20.5%,同样,以NTS提高土壤有机碳及全氮程度较大。各级别团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量均随土层深度增加而减小,团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量随团聚体直径减小而增加,NTS处理在各土层各级别团聚体均保持较高的土壤有机碳及全氮含量。因此,前茬小麦25~30 cm秸秆覆盖免耕还田是干旱灌区增强土壤团聚体形成、提高土壤有机碳及全氮含量的适宜栽培措施。     

草金鱼总色素稳定性研究(II)--酸碱度、维生素和有机物对草金鱼总色素稳定性的影响

草金鱼总色素光谱吸收峰在400～600nm,系类胡萝卜素色素。在不同酸碱度、维生素和有机物作用下,该观赏鱼总色素稳定性各不相同。环境pH值过高或过低对该色素具有强烈的破坏作用,中性pH值溶液利于该色素的有效保存;Vc和VE对该色素具有保护作用,但是当Vc剂量不适时,该色素遭到严重破坏,VK对该色素具较强的破坏作用;乳酸对该色素具有增色作用,苯甲酸、草酸、柠檬酸,丙二酸和反丁烯二酸对该色素具有保护作用,乌头酸、水杨酸、顺丁烯二酸、亚油酸、萘乙酸、溴丙酸和苹果酸对该色素具有破坏作用,其中以苹果酸的破坏作用最强。淀粉对该色素具有保护作用,葡萄糖和蔗糖则具有破坏作用,其中以蔗糖的破坏作用最强。研究结果提示：在提取、保存该色素以及配制增色饵料时,要特别注意避免不良因素的影响,确保试验结论的正确和增色效果的良好。     

观光木人工林木材热处理材色变化研究

为探究观光木木材在高温处理下木材材色变化,对0.4 mm、0.6 mm、1.6 mm厚观光木薄木及观光木板材进行热处理,用色差计测定处理前后木材的明度指数(L*)、红绿指数(a*)、黄蓝指数(b*),计算出色饱和度差(ΔC*)、色相差(ΔH*)和总体色差(ΔE*)。结果表明,观光木薄木经干燥处理颜色变化不大,可通过干燥处理烘干观光木薄木的同时保证薄木的颜色特性;观光木板材经高温压缩密实化后材色变化明显,170℃热处理45 min时色饱和度差(ΔC*)为3.02,总体色差(ΔE*)为5.47,总色相差(ΔH*)为7.71,经济价值最高。     

刺梨叶片中总黄酮和水溶性多糖的提取工艺

采用水煮浸提法综合提取刺梨叶片中的总黄酮和水溶性多糖,通过单因素实验筛选对提取有显著影响的因素进行正交实验,分析获得较优工艺参数。结果表明,综合提取总黄酮和水溶性多糖的较优的工艺参数为：固液比1：30,温度90℃,pH=10。提取液通过炭粉吸附法获得粗多糖的纯度为21．37％,粗黄酮的纯度为53．26％。提取液通过大孔吸附树脂法获得粗多糖的纯度为18．27％;粗黄酮的纯度为36．27％。用水煮浸提法,对刺梨叶片中黄酮和多糖共同进行提取是可行的,并通过大孔树脂或活性炭将二者初步分离。     

中国苹果土壤养分丰缺指标与适宜施肥量初步研究

为了给中国苹果测土施肥提供科学依据,采用零散实验数据整合法和"养分平衡—地力差减法"新应用公式,开展了中国苹果土壤养分丰缺指标与适宜施肥量研究.结果 表明:中国苹果土壤有效磷第1～7级丰缺指标依次为:≥51、16～51、5～16、2～5、0.4～2、0.1～0.4、＜0.1 mg/kg;土壤速效钾第1～5级丰缺指标依次...