水肥耦合条件下小麦田根系层土壤总磷迁移特征

以小麦为研究对象,通过田间小区试验对生育期内水肥耦合条件下小麦根系层(0~100 cm)总磷浓度迁移过程的监测,系统分析了不同灌水量(高水7.6 mm、低水6.1 mm)及不同施肥量下(高肥125 kg/hm~2、低肥75 kg/hm~2)总磷在根系层的迁移转化规律。     

Specific ion effect of H+ on variably charged soil colloid aggregation

Specific ion effects (Hofmeister effects) have recently attracted the attention of soil scientists, and it has been found that ionic non-classic polarization plays an important role in the specific ion effect in soil. However, this explanation cannot be applied to H⁺. The aim of this work was to characterize the specific ion effect of H⁺ on variably charged soil (yellow soil) colloid aggregation. The total average aggregation (TAA) rate, critical coagulation concentration (CCC), activation energy, and zeta potential were used to characterize and compare the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺. Results showed that strong specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ existed in variably charged soil colloid aggregation. The TAA rate, CCC, and activation energy were sensitive to H⁺, and the addition of a small amount of H⁺ changed the TAA rate, CCC, and activation energy markedly. The zeta potential results indicated that the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ on soil colloid aggregation were caused by the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ on the soil electric field strength. In addition, the origin of the specific ion effect for H⁺ was its chemical adsorption onto surfaces, while those for alkali cations were non-classic polarization. This study indicated that H⁺, which occurs naturally in variably charged soils, will dominate variably charged soil colloid aggregation.     

典型喀斯特洼地植被恢复过程中土壤碳氮储量动态及其对极端内涝灾害的响应

西南喀斯特地区是我国主要的生态脆弱区之一,石漠化严重,旱涝灾害频发。植被恢复是提升脆弱生态系统土壤碳氮固持的有效方式,但该区不同植被恢复方式土壤碳氮动态监测的研究还很缺乏。本研究以典型喀斯特峰丛洼地为对象,选取人工林、牧草地、人工林+牧草地、撂荒地自然恢复4种最主要的植被恢复方式为研究对象,以耕地作为对照,对比分析退耕前(2004年)、退耕10年(2014年)和13年后(2017年)土壤碳氮储量动态变化特征。其中2004—2014年研究区未发生极端内涝灾害, 2014—2017年连续发生2次极端内涝灾害事件。研究结果表明,退耕10年后, 4种恢复方式下土壤有机碳(SOC)储量均显著增加,但退耕13年后,除撂荒地SOC持续增加外,其他3种恢复方式下SOC表现出下降趋势。植被恢复后土壤全氮(TN)储量提升相对缓慢,退耕10年仅牧草地显著增加,退耕13年后人工林+牧草和撂荒地TN增加,且撂荒地在退耕后呈持续增加趋势。相关性分析结果表明,土壤交换性Ca~(2+)与SOC、TN均呈显著正相关关系,且与2014年相比, 2017年不同植物恢复方式下土壤交换性Ca~(2+)均显著下降,这可能与研究区2015年和2016年连续内涝灾害有关。以上结果说明,不同恢复方式均能显著提升喀斯特地区土壤碳氮固持,并以自然恢复最佳,其生态系统能有效抵御极端气候灾害带来的负面影响。     

两个氮素利用率不同的水稻品种根系形态及生理特性的差异

The variation in nitrogen (N) uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low (1 mmol N L^-1) and high (5 mmol N L^-1) N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-61% greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.     

辣椒核质互作雄性不育系与保持系呼吸速率研究

 以辣椒核质互作雄性不育系9704A,8214A和它们相应的保持系9704B,8214B为材料,研究了叶片和不同发育阶段花蕾的总呼吸速率(Vt)、抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)的变化趋势。结果表明：在不育系中,随着花蕾的发育,总呼吸速率(Vt)、抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)呈下降趋势;而在保持系中总呼吸速率(Vt)变化趋势不明显,抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)呈上升趋势;在叶片中,不育系的总呼吸速率(Vt)、抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)均小于保持系。     

连续施用有机肥对小麦苗期吸收汞的影响

以小麦为试验对象,采用盆栽方式,利用前人研究有机肥对土壤-高粱系统中重金属污染的环境效应试验(已完成重金属和第1次有机肥的施入)后的土壤,研究了不同外源汞水平下,连续施用有机肥对土壤汞的形态转化及小麦吸收汞的影响.结果表明;在同一汞水平条件下,随着有机肥施用量的增加,土壤有效态汞含量逐渐减少,小麦茎叶和根对汞的吸收也逐渐减少.试验以低汞高有机肥处理对土壤汞的有效态的减少效果最佳.     

丹尼斯凤梨叶片总RNA提取方法的比较

以丹尼斯凤梨(Guzmania‘Denise’)叶片为材料,利用Trizol试剂快速提取法、异硫氰酸胍法、苯酚法和CTAB法提取丹尼斯凤梨总RNA,通过RNA的产率、纯度、电泳图等分析来确立适用于丹尼斯凤梨总RNA分离的方法。结果表明,Trizol法提取的RNA具有28SrRNA、18SrRNA和5SrRNA3条较清晰的条带,很少有降解,具有较高的纯度,其他3种方法获得的RNA纯度较低、降解严重,有较多小分子和盐存在,RNA无明显条带出现,而是以小分子RNA弥散状分布。     

水稻纹枯菌总 DNA 提取方法的比较

DNA的浓度,尤其是DNA的纯度严重影响后续基因组酶切等结果。为寻找一种高质量的水稻纹枯菌总DNA的提取方法,采用CTAB法、CTAB改良法、SDS法、蜗牛酶法、蛋白酶K法5种方法分别提取水稻纹枯菌总DNA。通过紫外吸光度测定DNA的纯度和浓度、琼脂糖凝胶电泳、PCR扩增、限制性内切酶酶切反应及Southern杂交评价DNA的质量,最终得出蛋白酶K法是获取高质量水稻纹枯菌基因组DNA的最佳方法。     

自适应耦合全变分和四阶PDE的图像放大

目的 提出一种新的基于偏微分方程(PDE)的图像放大算法.方法 算法模型由全变分、四阶PDE和数据保真项构成,将图像演化的过程转为PDE模型,进而通过迭代求解方程得到放大图像.结果 通过设置与图像局部特征有关的连续函数作为调节全变分和四阶PDE的权重,实现两种PDE的自适应耦合,避免了全变分模型在放大时出现分块效应;通...