基于案例推理的SoLIM方法在土壤养分制图中的应用

土壤-景观推理模型(soil land inference model,SoLIM)在提高土壤普查效率和精度、降低普查成本方面具有显著优势,已经在美国得到推广应用(Shi et al.,2004;杨琳等,2009;2010).SoLIM中专家知识可以通过基于规则的方法或者基于案例推理的方法获取.与多元回归模型相比,基于规则的SoLIM方法能够用较少的建模点获得更高的精度(杨琳等,2009).     

京津风沙源治理和退耕还林工程区农户支出分析

2007年项目区农户总消费支出中,京津风沙源治理工程项目区农户,在生活消费方面比退耕还林工程项目区农户少支出1080.54元,医疗消费方面多支出241.89元,教育消费方面多支出1412.02元,总计多支出717.20元。2008年,京津风沙源治理工程项目区农户,在生活消费方面比退耕还林工程项目区农户少支出1249.88元,医疗消费方面多支出374.14元,教育消费方面多支出1469.13元,总计多支出1079.31元。结果表明,京津风沙源治理工程项目区农民生活水平高于退耕还林工程项目区的农民。     

杉木人工林生态系统太阳辐射特征研究

根据2008年的观测数据,分析了会同杉木人工林太阳辐射各分量的时间分布特征及不同季节太阳辐射分配率的差异。结果表明:除大气逆辐射(RLd)外,其余3种辐射的年变化大致呈单峰形;太阳总辐射(RSd)及反射辐射(RSu)日变化均呈规则的单峰曲线,而森林生态系统长波辐射(RLu)和RLd则呈波浪形;就全年太阳辐射的分配率而言,净辐射(23.5%)最大,有效辐射(19.0%)次之,反射辐射最小,仅7.5%;不同季节太阳辐射分配率亦有所不同,反射辐射和净辐射均为旱季小于雨季,有效辐射则相反。     

基于VLF/LF三维闪电探测系统的贵州省全闪分布特征分析

为进一步加强云闪分布特征分析,增强对雷暴云内物理过程的认识,利用2015—2017 年VLF/LF三维闪电探测系统的数据资料对贵州省闪电特征进行空间和时间分布特征分析。结果表明：无论云闪还是地闪,均以负闪为主;闪电发生主要集中在夏季,冬季闪电最少,闪电月际分布主要为单峰型,仅冬季Z比率大于1;闪电主要发生时段为16 时至次日凌晨2 时,Z比率与全闪频数随时间的变化呈正相关,相关系数0.618;全省闪电密度整体呈西高东低趋势,年均闪电密度为5.07 次/(a ·km2);云闪主要发生在高度2k~7 km,全年云闪高度呈下降趋势;雷电强度主要分布在5k~45 kA,平均陡度为7.34 kA/μs。本研究有利于对闪电特征开展更全面的探究和分析,同时对强对流天气监测和预警也有重要意义和价值。     

高温预处理玉米秸秆条件的优化

对玉米秸秆高温预处理条件进行优化,以降低还原糖损失率和提高灰分去除率为目的,探讨了高温预处理时料液比、蒸煮温度、蒸煮时间对还原糖得率的影响。通过采用单因素多水平试验方法得到最优预处理条件为料液比1∶7,蒸煮温度118℃,蒸煮时间0.5 h。在此最优条件下,预处理后的秸秆还原糖损失率为1.86%,灰分去除率为35.2%。     

不同氮处理下增施CO2对番茄叶片养分含量的影响

为探究不同氮处理对番茄植株叶片养分的影响及增施CO2的效果。以番茄"鸿途"为试验材料,在2个自然光照人工气候室内,采用苗钵基质栽培,设置5个氮素处理的营养液(50、150、250、350、450 mg·L^-1,分别设为N1~N5)、2个CO2浓度(300、600μL·L^-1,分别设为C1、C2),分别测定植株开花期、坐果期、果实膨大期生物量及叶片硝态氮和矿质元素含量。结果表明:中氮处理(N 250~350 mg·L^-1)下,植株干质量、叶片硝态氮含量以及矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量均较高。增施CO2处理后,番茄植株干质量较C1处理增加了10.2%,叶片N、K、Mg含量都增加了20%左右,P含量没有变化,Ca含量降低了25.67%;低氮处理(N 50 mg·L^-1)下,番茄植株干质量、叶片硝态氮含量以及矿质元素N、P、K、Mg、Ca含量均较对照N3处理低。增施CO2处理后,植株的总干质量没有显著增加,其叶片硝态氮含量以及N、P、K含量也没有显著变化,而Ca含量在开花期和坐果期较C1处理分别增加了37.72%、15.45%,Mg含量在开花期较C1处理增加了43.86%;高氮处理(N 450 mg·L^-1)下,植株干质量较N3处理降低了18.03%,叶片硝态氮含量较N3处理增加了111.44%,叶片N、Ca、Mg含量与N3处理接近均较高,P、K含量较N3处理均降低了10%。增施CO2处理后,植株干质量较C1处理增加了35.92%,叶片硝态氮含量增加不显著,叶片N、K、Mg含量较C1处理分别增加了19.06%、27.82%、24.87%,而叶片P含量变化不显著,叶片钙含量在番茄开花期、坐果期和果实膨大期都较低,较C1处理分别降低了21.37%、17.16%、7.75%。综合番茄生长各项指标及经济效益,在营养液N浓度为250~350 mg·L^-1时,增施CO2浓度到600μL·L^-1(C2)最能促进开花期番茄植株叶片养分含量的增加。     

Uneven ripening in ‘Bangalore blue’ grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) berries in India is linked to seed viability

Uneven ripening (UR) is a physiological disorder of unknown origin in ‘Bangalore blue’ grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) leading to wine of inferior quality. A preliminary study found wide variations in total dehydrogenase activity (TDH) of seeds from unevenly ripe berries. In our experiments, gibberellin (GA₃) applied to young grapes increased seed TDH activity and reduced the incidence of uneven ripening to 2% compared with 35% in the control. In contrast, paclobutrazol (PBZ) decreased TDH activity and increased the incidence of the disorder to 58%. GA₃-treated berries had higher concentrations of sucrose and TDH activity in seed representing mature seeds with high viability. In contrast, PBZ-treated and control berries had higher concentrations of glucose and lower TDH activity, indicating immature seeds with low viability. These results suggested that competition among developing berries can lead to differences in seed gibberellin content, seed viability and the rate of berry growth resulting in green, purple, and black berries at harvest. The study established the role of seed viability in uneven ripening and demonstrated that the incidence of the disorder is reduced by the application of GA₃ to immature berries.     

Postharvest UV-C treatment combined with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), followed by storage in continuous low-level ethylene atmosphere,improves the quality of tomatoes

Mature green tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Neang Pich) were exposed to 13.6 kJ m^?2 UV-C or 0.5 μL L^?1 1-MCP or combination of 13.6 kJ m^?2 UV-C and 0.5 μL L^?1 1-MCP, with appropriate untreated controls. After treatment, tomatoes were stored in air containing 0.1 μL L^?1 ethylene at 20°C and 100% RH. The untreated fruit ripened significantly faster than those of all other treatments. UV-C treatment alone was able to delay fruit ripening by up to 5 days longer compared to untreated fruits whilst the additional of 1-MCP further delayed fruit ripening. UV-C and 1-MCP treatments alone or in combination had significantly slower ethylene production rates throughout the storage period. The fruit treated with the combination of 1-MCP and UV-C was significantly firmer and had higher total phenolic content compared to that of the other treatments. However, there was no difference between treatments in soluble solids content/titratable acids ratio, chlorophyll content, lycopene content and total antioxidant activity. These results show that UV-C and 1-MCP treatment delay ripening and improve the quality of tomatoes in the presence of low-level ethylene during storage. This new treatment could be used to extend the shelf-life of mature green tomatoes through the supply chain without the use of refrigeration.     

Polymerisation of gluten proteins in developing wheat grain as affected by desiccation

The breadmaking quality of wheat is affected by the composition of gluten proteins and the polymerisation of subunits that are synthesised and accumulated in developing wheat grain. The biological mechanisms and time course of these events during grain development are documented, but not widely confirmed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the accumulation of gluten protein subunits and the size distribution of protein aggregates during grain development. The effect of desiccation on the polymerisation of gluten proteins and the functional properties of gluten were also studied. The results showed that the size of glutenin polymers remained consistently low until yellow ripeness (YR), while it increased during grain desiccation after YR. Hence, this polymerisation process was presumed to be initiated by desiccation. A similar polymerisation event was also observed when premature grains were dried artificially. The composition of gluten proteins, the ratios of glutenin to gliadin and high molecular weight-glutenin subunits to low molecular weight-glutenin subunits, in premature grain after artificial desiccation showed close association with the size of glutenin polymers in artificially dried grain. Functional properties of gluten in these samples were also associated with polymer size after artificial desiccation.     

超声波辅助溶剂法提取金线莲总黄酮工艺优化

旨在研究金线莲总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件。采用超声波辅助溶剂法,在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应面法优化了金线莲总黄酮的提取工艺。结果表明:当金线莲颗粒度为100目、乙醇体积分数为40%、料液比为1:40(mg:m L)、超声波功率为250 W、超声波时间为30 min时,所得金线莲总黄酮提取率为2.13%。超声波辅助溶剂法强化了金线莲总黄酮的提取效果。