直接扩增甜瓜小卫星DNA指纹图谱

以小卫星DNA YNZ22核心序列为引物,甜瓜DNA为模板,在甜瓜上研究了直接扩增小卫星DNA(DAMD)的优化反应体系,结果表明:在20μL的反应体系中,5种主要成分Taq DNA聚合酶、Mg2 、引物、模板DNA和dNTPs的最适浓度分别为1U,2.5 mmol/L,0.5 mmol/L,30 ng,5 mmol/L。在优化的DAMD-PCR反应体系下,利用该引物在28个甜瓜品种上构建了直接扩增小卫星DNA(DAMD)的指纹图谱,分析结果表明,该引物在28个甜瓜品种上共扩增出13位点,其中9位点具有多态性,多态性条带比率为69%,可一次性从28个甜瓜品种中鉴别出其中的21个,鉴别率高达75%。     

植物增殖细胞核抗原与DNA复制关系的研究现状

为了更深入的对植物增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA)进行研究,本研究归纳了PCNA的研究现状,总结了PCNA的结构特征和包括PCNA参与DNA复制、DNA损伤修复和细胞周期调控等在内的PCNA的功能特点。目前有关PCNA的研究以医学和动物体为主,有关植物PCNA研究的报道很少且相对落后,但已有文献指出,PCNA调控DNA复制,参与DNA复制以确保植物体正常生长发育,因此植物PCNA的功能值得继续研究。     

不同耕作方式对黑土区农田土壤物理特性的影响

为探讨耕作方式对黑土区农田土壤物理特性的影响,2016年6—9月在内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市阿荣旗试验区设置3种耕作方式深松(SS)、免耕(MG)及常规耕作(CK),分别采集0-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-30 cm土层的土样,对土壤容重、含水量、土壤渗透速率及土壤孔隙度进行调查。结果表明：3种耕作方式土壤容重及含水量均表现为SS>CK>MG;土壤入渗特征表现为初始入渗率>平均渗透率>稳定入渗率;土壤入渗速率及累计入渗量表现为SS>CK>MG;土壤孔隙度以SS处理下最高且随着月份的增加土壤孔隙度降低。主成分分析表明,初始入渗速率和渗透总量对不同耕作方式最为敏感,可以作为考察东北黑土区农田耕作效应与缓解黑土地退化的评价指标。由综合得分可知,不同耕作方式下土壤性能优劣表现为SS>MG>CK。综上,深松耕作可以有效的降低土壤容重,提高土壤含水量,促进土壤渗透能力;免耕更有利于水分的保持,降低土壤的无效蒸发。     

Effects of different molecular weights of chitosan on methane production and bacterial community structure in vitro

As a new feed additive, chitosan has been shown in recent years to have a certain role in reducing methane emissions from the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants. However, the effects of chitosan with different molecular weights on rumen fermentation, methane production and bacterial community structure are not yet clear. A basal diet without chitosan served as the control(CTL), and the treatment diets were supplemented with chitosan with different molecular weights: 1 000(1K), 3 000(3K), 5 000(5K), 50 000(5W) and 200 000(20W) dry matter(DM). Six fermentation units per treatment were established. Gas chromatography was used to measure the concentrations of methane, H_2 and volatile fatty acids(VFAs). The bacterial 16S rRNA genes were sequenced with an Illumina MiSeq platform and analysed to reveal the relative abundances of bacterial community taxa. The results showed that the propionate proportion was significantly increased by the addition of chitosan with different molecular weights(P0.05), while methane production and the acetate proportion were significantly decreased(P0.05). The relative abundances of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG_003 were significantly increased in the 3K chitosan group compared with the CTL group, whereas the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group was significantly decreased(P0.05). Correlation analyses of the relative abundances of the bacterial genera showed that Prevotella was positively related to propionate production(P0.05). In conclusion, 3K chitosan could reduce methane production by replacing fibrolytic bacteria(Firmicutes and Fibrobacteres) with amylolytic bacteria(Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria) in the bacterial community structure.     

基于DNA条形码的红翅大小蠹和黄杉大小蠹分子鉴定

外来有害生物的快速准确鉴定有助于提高口岸检疫效率。红翅大小蠹(Dendroctonus rufipennis)和黄杉大小蠹(D. pseudotsugae)作为大小蠹属的非中国种是我国口岸原木检疫中频繁截获的检疫性有害昆虫。本研究以mtDNA COI基因5′端和3′端序列为标记对红翅大小蠹与黄杉大小蠹的11个样本开展分子鉴定有效性评价。结果显示,当以COI基因5′端和3′端为靶标时,两种大小蠹间的平均遗传距离分别为0.181和0.144,是种内遗传距离的60.3和48倍,且种内、种间遗传距离间无重叠现象,在系统发育树上都能聚为独立的分支,表明mtDNA COI基因5′端和3′端序列均可有效区分红翅大小蠹与黄杉大小蠹。     

基于叶绿体DNA分析的楸子种质遗传多样性研究

利用4对叶绿体DNA引物扩增49份楸子[Malus prunifolia（Willd.）Borkh.]种质资源的4个叶绿体DNA基因间区trnH-psbA、trnS-trnG spacer + intron、trnT-5′trnL和5′trnL-trnF序列,基于4个叶绿体DNA基因间区的序列变异,从母系遗传的角度评价楸子的遗传多样性水平。结果显示：4个叶绿体DNA基因间区序列经测序、拼接、比对和合并之后的片段长度为3 790 bp,共有173个多态性变异位点,其中包含2个单一突变位点、20个简约信息位点和151个插入/缺失位点。在49份楸子种质中,trnH-psbA、trnS-trnG spacer + intron、trnT-5′trnL和5′trnL-trnF区域的变异位点的数量分别为26个、25个、120个和2个,单倍型数量分别为9个、7个、8个和3个,合并之后的叶绿体DNA片段的单倍型有14个。核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性最高的区域均为trnH-psbA（Hd = 0.775,Pi = 0.02143）,最低的为5′trnL-trnF（Hd = 0.481,Pi = 0.00072）。49份楸子种质4个叶绿体DNA区域合并后的遗传多样性较高（Hd = 0.854,Pi = 0.00949）。Tajima’s D检验中,4个叶绿体DNA区域在P > 0.10水平上均不显著,楸子的4个叶绿体DNA区域在进化上遵循中性进化模型。楸子的遗传变异主要存在于群体内部,不同居群间基因交流频繁,多数居群间遗传分化较少,与地理距离不完全相关。     

Analysis of green total factor productivity trend and its determinants for the countries along silk roads

In coping with increasing energy consumption and the consequential environmental pollution, green development is becoming an important part of social development. Since the inauguration of China’s Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative (BRI), economic cooperation between China and other countries along BRI has seen much growth. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the levels of green total factor productivity (GTFP) of the countries in the Silk Roads Economic Belt (B&R) and examine how these levels vary spatially and evolve temporally. In this paper, a panel regression analysis with DEA windows is used to study the spatiotemporal trends of the levels of GTFP. The results are: (1) The B&R countries have seen an increase in their overall levels of GTFP over time; (2) There are regional differences in the levels of GTFP, with higher efficiency in Western Asia and Central and Eastern Europe, and lower efficiency in Southeast and Central Asia; (3) The analysis of GTFP for countries in these regions shows that the efficiencies of most countries have been improving, with that of only a few countries have been decreasing; (4) By using regression analysis, we find that variables such as import, export, industrial structure, and urban affect the B&R countries with growing GTFP.     

广东省主要红树林植物DNA条形码评价

为评估DNA条形码对鉴定红树林植物的通用性和有效性,在广东红树林分布区域共计采集红树林植物16科22属23种,共144个样品,并进行DNA条形码测序。结果表明:选择的rbcL、matK和trnH-psbA 3个DNA片段的PCR扩增成功率分别为100%、80.29%±8.49%、99.38%±1.25%。测序成果率最高为rbcL 100%,trnH-psbA次之94.57%±5.06%,matK最低75.04%±6.26%。表明rbcL和trnH-psbA片段在红树林群落中都具有较好的通用性。应用BLAST和NJ Tree两种方法计算红树植物的物种识别率。BLAST结果表明,单片段中trnH-psbA的物种识别率最高,为84.48%±12.09%,rbcL次之,matK最低。NJ Tree分析显示单片段中rbcL的物种识别率最高,为66.65%±17.35%;trnH-psbA片段次之,matK片段最低。两张分析方法都显示多个片段组合使用时,rbcL或trnH-psbA是提高物种平均识别率的主要片段。利用单片段rbcL即可获得平均节点支持率最高的红树植物系统发育树,且能准确区分不同树种。trnH-psbA片段可以识别rbcL片段不能识别的物种,可以作为补充片段。综合比较,推荐rbcL、trnH-psbA作为红树林植物DNA条形码片段。     

入侵性食叶害虫椰子织蛾的单倍型多样性分析

【目的】分析危害棕榈科Palmae植物的一种重要入侵食叶害虫椰子织蛾Opisina arenosella单倍型在原产地和入侵地的分布特点,揭示椰子织蛾入侵我国的虫源信息。【方法】利用线粒体COI基因分析16个地理种群共计172个样本,比较椰子织蛾印度种群和入侵地(中国、马来西亚和泰国)种群的遗传关系。【结果】片段长度为625 bp的172条序列共鉴定出12个单倍型,包含15个变异位点,构成2个明显的单倍型分支,其中一个分支由11个单倍型(IN1～IN11)组成,均来自印度种群,单倍型IN1是6个印度种群的共享单倍型,IN2～IN11为独享单倍型;另一个分支为单倍型HAP,由来自中国、马来西亚和泰国的种群共享;HAP与11个来自印度的单倍型IN1～IN11均存在4个变异位点。【结论】入侵地区的椰子织蛾种群来自同一基因型或者具有相同的入侵源;椰子织蛾种群入侵后受环境选择压力,在新栖息地产生新的突变或杂交。     

沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料热学性能研究

为探究阻燃剂对沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料导热行为的影响和开发具有阻燃特性的聚合物复合材料,以沙柳多元醇液化产物为原料、辛酸亚锡为催化剂、水为发泡剂,与异氰酸酯进行发泡制备沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯硬质泡沫,利用正交试验法研究工艺因子对硬质泡沫材料导热性能的影响规律,使用锥形量热仪（CONE）对该材料燃烧行为进行分析。结果表明:1）沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料制备工艺对导热性能的影响关系为阻燃剂添加量＞沙柳液化产物与异氰酸酯比例＞阻燃剂种类,方差分析表明工艺因子对导热性能的影响均不显著;2）最优工艺:阻燃剂添加量8%,沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯比例1.0∶1.0,阻燃剂为有机蒙脱土,制备的硬质泡沫材料密度0.168 g·cm^-3,抗压强度0.83 MPa,导热系数0.118 3 W·m^-1·K^-1,此工艺制备的聚氨酯泡沫是一种优良的保温材料;3）不同有机蒙脱土添加量的沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫燃烧行为属于双阶段燃烧过程,阻燃剂有机蒙脱土添加量8%,燃烧开始时间推迟至120 s且总热释放量降低。