超高压处理对S-卵白蛋白构象与功能特性的影响

采用激光拉曼光谱、荧光光谱分析超高压(UHP)对S-卵白蛋白构象的影响,并考察其对溶解性、乳化性和起泡能力等功能特性的影响.结果表明,经UHP处理后S-卵白蛋白的分子量分布没有明显变化.随着压力增加,无规卷曲含量逐渐增加,二硫键构象变化使蛋白稳定性降低,酪氨酸残基包埋于侧链中,紧密折叠结构得以舒展.经100 MPa处理后S-卵白蛋白的荧光强度略有增强,此后急剧下降,无峰位位移现象,说明UHP引起蛋白分子构象变化.S-卵白蛋白的溶解性、乳化性及起泡能力等功能特性均随压力增加而明显改善,以300 MPa处理较为理想,此后压力增加至500 MPa时反而下降.     

秸秆还田与水氮管理对水稻氮素利用及土壤理化性质的影响

在川西平原稻油轮作典型的砂质壤土区,设置不同秸秆还田方式(堆腐还田和直接还田)、灌溉方式(淹灌和有氧灌溉)和施氮水平(0、75、150、225 kg/hm2)的3因素裂区试验,分析秸秆还田与水氮管理对水稻氮素利用特征与土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明:秸秆还田与水氮管理对主要生育时期水稻氮素积累、结实期(抽穗和成熟期)氮素转运与利用、稻谷产量及成熟期稻田耕层(0～20 cm)土壤脲酶活性、铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数均存在显著或极显著的互作效应;秸秆堆腐还田对水稻氮素利用和产量及土壤理化性质的调控作用显著高于秸秆直接还田的,同一水氮管理下,成熟期植株和籽粒氮积累量分别提高了9.7％～32.9％和7.5％～45.3％,增产7.3％～18.5％,各生育期的平均土壤脲酶活性提高4.8％～9.7％;同一秸秆还田和施氮量处理下,相比于淹灌处理,有氧灌溉能不同程度的提高产量和氮肥表观利用率,并能提高多数处理的氮肥农学利用率、土壤铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数及脲酶活性;同一秸秆还田和灌溉方式,随着氮肥用量的增加,水稻氮肥表观利用率、农学利用率、产量、各器官(除2017年成熟期的穗外)和植株的氮素积累量及抽穗至成熟期茎鞘的氮素转运量、转运率、贡献率、土壤脲酶活性和硝态氮质量分数均先增加,施氮量为150 kg/hm2时最高,继续增加施氮量,这些指标反而降低.本研究条件下,油菜秸秆堆腐还田和有氧灌溉与配施150 kg/hm2氮肥的综合管理模式可有效增强结实期土壤耕层脲酶活性,提高植株氮素积累量、结实期茎鞘的氮素转运量和转运率,从而促进水稻产量及氮肥利用率的同步提高.     

发动机缸盖用铸造铝硅合金的成分优化与组织性能研究

采用正交试验对ZL101合金进行了成分优化设计,并分析了合金元素对铝硅合金力学性能的影响.对改良后的合金进行了热处理工艺研究,其最佳热处理工艺条件为：500 ℃×5.5 h+180 ℃×5 h.研究结果表明,改良合金在铸态下的力学性能为：抗拉强度为244.57 MPa,伸长率为5.95%,硬度为75.1 HB;在T6态下的力学性能为：抗拉强度为397.92 MPa,伸长率为4.68%,硬度为141.2 HB.     

热碱致魔芋胶与黄原胶共混凝胶的显微结构与流变规律

【目的】探究魔芋胶与黄原胶混合溶胶体系在碱性条件下的凝胶形成机理与凝胶特性,为魔芋胶与黄原胶相关凝胶食品的开发提供理论依据。【方法】在总多糖浓度约为2.0%的条件下,配制不同黄原胶与魔芋胶比例的混合溶胶体系,添加2.0%的Na₂CO₃,并于90℃条件下恒温处理各溶胶体系2 h,冷却至室温后制得不同黄原胶与魔芋胶配比的复合凝胶。通过测定复合凝胶添加碳酸钠前后的凝胶破裂强度,揭示热碱处理对混合凝胶破裂强度的影响。分别测定去离子水浸泡、2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡以及冻融处理后凝胶破裂强度的变化情况,并结合扫描电镜观测凝胶的微观形貌,探究复合凝胶的凝胶特性。此外,通过流变学手段进一步研究黄原胶与魔芋胶复合凝胶网络的形成机制。【结果】在室温（20℃）条件下,非热碱处理的魔芋胶与黄原胶最佳协同比为5﹕5,热碱处理后的魔芋胶与黄原胶最佳协同比增加至7﹕3,原因可能是魔芋胶碱化后分子链上脱去部分乙酰基,形成分子间三维网络结构,但在随后的冷却过程中,与黄原胶协同结合位点减少,因此在达到最大协同比时,需要更多数目的魔芋胶分子参与。此外,经去离子水和2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡后,所有凝胶体系的破裂强度都有所降低,其中经过2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡后的凝胶破裂强度下降更为明显。冻融处理后,复合凝胶均出现明显的析水现象,魔芋胶比例越高,析水现象越明显。进一步探究魔芋胶与黄原胶共混体系在2.0% Na₂CO₃浓度、90℃条件下的凝胶化过程,发现随黄原胶添加量增加,凝胶化速率呈减小趋势。此外,凝胶弹性模量在90—60℃呈降低趋势,60℃以下逐渐上升。【结论】在90℃条件下碱处理魔芋胶与黄原胶共混体系时,诱导体系形成热不可逆凝胶。当降低该体系的温度时,黄原胶分子在60℃时开始与魔芋胶网络结合,增加了凝胶的弹性模量。当魔芋胶与黄原胶比例为7﹕3时,室温下混合凝胶的破裂强度最大。经去离子水和2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡后,凝胶强度均有所降低。魔芋胶与黄原胶形成的复合凝胶在一定条件下可以改善单纯碱法诱导的魔芋胶凝胶析水多、强度差等缺点。     

Verbesserungsvorschlag zur gefahrlosen Beheizung brennbarer Lösungsmittel zur Fettextraktion (Kurzmitteilung)

A crop rotation field study with manure application was established at Tartu in 1985. Biological and chemical properties were evaluated on fine sandy loam Podzoluvisol in May 1989. The treatments included unmanured (N_o and N₈₀) controls, two peat based composts and five manures of different origin. The procedures of the most probable number (MPN) and spread plate counts were used for microbiological investigation, but also enzymatic activities, nitrogen forms, total‐C and pH were simultaneously estimated in plough layer soil. The most variable i.e. the most clearly differentiated physiological groups within manures were cellulolytic and ammonifying bacteria followed by Azotobacter spp. together with actinomycetes. Abundance of aerobic cellulolytic and ammonifying bacteria correlated positively with the number of soil algae and fungi, and negatively with nitrate‐ and nitrite‐reductase. The number of actinomycetes correlated positively with urease and catalase activity. Soil enzymatic activity was mainly modified by nitrite‐reductase. Peat composts had the highest C‐content and highest pH value compared with other soils. Pig slurry and NH₄NO₃ (N80) treatment had the highest level of fixed NH⁺ ₄ ‐ions in soil. Nine months after manure application no differences were found in the unstable NO^– ₃content of soil. Variation in the number of the studied microbial physiological groups between treatments remained insignificant.     

Influence of soil factors on the soil enzyme inhibition by Cd

A comparative study was conducted on the toxicity of Cd to alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) in 18 top soils with contrasting soil properties representative of 14 major soil types in China. Soil pH and carbonate content, soil organic matter, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) largely affected the Cd toxicity on two enzyme activities; with the soil pH having only minor effect on the median ecological dose values based on total Cd concentrations (ED_{50 T}). The values of ED_{50 T}/ED_{50 W} (based on water-soluble Cd content) of alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase were strongly influenced by pH and CEC contents, which explained up to 71% of the variation for alkaline phosphatase, 82% of the variation for dehydrogenase, and also were significantly correlated with the parameter K_F derived from Freundlich adsorption isotherms. This study suggests that the values of ED_{50 T}/ED_{50 W} could be useful to evaluate the buffer capacity of soils which protects soil enzymes from harmful effects of heavy metal.     

The optimal nutrition of maize in the hungarian national long‐term field experimental network

In Hungary, maize is grown on 1 million ha and occupies more than 20% of the arable land. The rich assortment of maize cultivars of different vegetation periods and different responses to nutritional effects, water supply etc. gives the growers the possibility to choose the cultivars suiting best the site characteristics (Jolânkai et al. 1999). Among the cereals maize has the highest genetical potential. To utilize its yield and quality potential, soil types of high nutrient content and regular nutrient supply are required (Gyõrffy, 1979). Both over‐ and under‐fertilization have an unfavourable effect on the yield and quality of maize (Debreczeni, 1985). Crops can be supplied with the appropriate nutrient amounts only with the knowledge of soil characteristics in the different agro‐ecological regions (nutrient content, water supply, soil compactness, pH, nutrient supplying capacity etc.). In Hungary, a network of long‐term field fertilization trials with uniform fertilizer treatments has been maintained at nine experimental sites representing different agro‐ecological regions of the country. This experimental network gives a basis to test the nutrient responses of our main crops and calibrate their optimal nutrient supply (Kismányoky, 1991).     

Temporal variation of soil nutrients under the influence of different organic amendments

Maintenance of tropical soil quality for crop production without damaging the environment is a challenge and thus the development of an efficient nutrient-management technique is important. Soil amendment by organic manures has been widely accepted as an efficient nutrient-management technique in tropical agriculture. In this study, a long-term laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of organic manures of different sources (e.g. cattle manure, poultry manure, vermicompost and oil cakes) on changes in pH, electrical conductivity, organic C and nutrient content (mineral N, available phosphorous and potassium) in tropical alluvial soil. Applications of organic amendments in this study indicated considerable changes in the basic soil physico-chemical properties and different nutrient levels. Soil pH declined slightly, whereas organic C and all the other nutrients increased distinctly, due to the application of organic manures. Thus, the magnitude of changes in the soil properties was dependent on the nature of the organic manure.     

基于介电频谱的采后苹果可溶性固形物含量无损检测

根据10~4500MHz间采后21周贮藏期间无损富士苹果介电参数的频谱特性,建立了苹果可溶性固形物含量的支持向量回归（SVR）预测模型和BP网络预测模型;并综合比较了采用原始频谱（FF）、主成分分析（PCA）和连续投影算法（SPA）优选频率对模型预测效果的影响。研究结果表明,PCA—SVR建模效果最好,其预测相关系数为0.883,均方根误差为0.552,PCA—BP的建模效果较PCA—SVR稍差。并且发现经SPA处理后的数据建立的模型,均方根误差普遍较小;经PCA处理后的数据建立的模型,预测相关系数普遍较高。