国土空间生态修复关键区域系统识别与修复

基于生态系统问题诊断与生态安全格局构建,探索国土空间生态修复关键区域识别与修复的方法路径。以武汉市蔡甸区为研究区域,从数量、质量、空间格局等3个方面系统诊断了生态系统的退化程度、退化类型及其空间分布。基于生态源地的识别,并以土地覆盖类型、距离水源距离、植被覆盖度、坡度、高程等5种因子构建生态阻力面,通过最小阻力模型识别潜在生态廊道,进而构建生态安全格局。在此基础上,综合生态系统问题诊断与生态安全格局需求,系统地辨识出了武汉市蔡甸区的生态保育区、自然修复区、人工修复区和生态廊道建设区。结果显示,共提取出1 901.52 hm²林地和水体作为生态源地,识别出18 168.12 m潜在生态廊道。从生态保育、自然修复、人工修复、生态廊道建设4个方面提出了对应的生态保护修复措施。     

植物系统获得抗性中的信号

系统介绍了植物系统获得抗性中的信号，包括水杨酸（SA）、茉莉酸（JA）及其甲酯（MeJA)、系统素（systemin)、乙烯等信号分子和电信号。     

外质体H2O2和木质素积累在镍诱导的水稻对白叶枯病系统抗性中的作用

[目的]植物外质体是病原入侵的结构和生理性屏障.本文研究外质体反应在镍诱导的、对白叶枯病系统抗性中的作用,以探讨植物对病原和重金属交叉抗性的生理机制. [方法]以0.5、1.0和2.0mol·L~(-1)硝酸镍喷施三叶期水稻幼苗的第二叶及以下部位,3 d后在未处理的第三叶接种稻白叶枯菌(xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo),接种后12d调查病情.测定了2.0 mol·L~(-1)镍处理或/和Xoo接种的幼苗第三叶外质体中愈创木酚POD(G-POD)、NADH-POD,二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性、H_2O_2和木质素含量.[结果]镍诱导了幼苗对白叶枯病的系统抗性,其中2.0 mmol·L~(-1)镍的诱导效果最佳.镍处理下,第三叶外质体液(AWF)中和细胞壁结合的G-POD、NADH-POD,以及AWF中DAO的活性和H_2O_2水平快速上升,木质素含量显著提高;镍诱导且接种组中,上述指标均明显高于未诱导但接种组.另外,产生H_2O_2的POD的抑制剂NaN_3降低了镍诱导的H_2O_2积累水平和对白叶枯病的系统诱抗效应,而NADPH氧化酶抑制剂(diphenyleneiodonium chloride)预处理则无明显影响.[结论]本研究结果提示,NADH-POD和DAO活性上升是镍诱导外质体H_2O_2产生的原因;外质体H_2O_2和木质素在细胞壁中的积累可能参与了镍诱导的水稻对白叶枯病系统抗性的建立.     

Systemic View on Heading and Overwintering: Are They Always Opposed?

The study investigated the cultivars of non‐obligatorily requiring vernalization plant Festulolium braunii and assessed the influence of non‐hardy reproductive and hardy vegetative structures on overwintering effect. The study was conducted taking into account systemic relations between these types of structures. The results show the cultivars differ according to the percentage of headed and overwintered plants, when the cultivars with the most abundant heading – ‘Felopa’ and ‘Sulino’ – are also better at overwintering. The positive correlation between heading and overwintering characteristics was also observed, what seemed to be a rather new finding. It can be explained by systemic effect: non‐hardy later reproductive structures induce the post‐generative regrowth of vegetative shoots, which during shorter days halt development and become potentially hardy. More detailed interpretation is also provided including discussion of causal mechanisms of the detected phenomenon. The authors suppose that these mechanisms constitute a survival strategy for such perennial plants. The observed late heading which represents reproductive structures could be applied in plant breeding as a marker of winter‐hardiness among perennial grass plants which non‐obligatorily demand vernalization.     

The Ecological Concept of Costs of Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)

Plant defence is thought to provide benefits for the defended plants. Theoretical concepts must, therefore, explain why there is variation in defensive traits, which naively might be assumed to be present constitutively in fixed high amounts. Explanations are mainly based on the assumption of fitness costs. Investment in defence is thought to reduce the fitness of plants in enemy-free environments. Fitness costs often result from allocation costs, i.e. allocation of limited resources to defence, which then cannot be used for growth or other fitness-relevant processes. This theoretical concept can provide a useful tool for the interpretation of induced plant responses against pathogens, named induced systemic (or systemic acquired) resistance (ISR or SAR). Phenotypic plasticity, leading to induced responses, might have evolved mainly to reduce costs, since investment in defence is restricted to situations actually requiring defence. ISR can incur allocation costs and other, indirect costs, which ultimately may lead to fitness costs. Evolution of any defensive trait depends on both what a plant ideally 'should do and what it actually 'is able to do. Costs of defence constrain its expression. This might have important influences on the evolution of plant defensive traits, as well as on the exploitation of natural defences in agricultural crop protection.     

Fusarium confers protection against several mycelial pathogens of pepper plants

Inoculation of nonhost pepper ( Capsicum annuum ) plants with the tomato wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL), caused no symptoms and the fungus was not recovered from any part of the plant. FOL, however, partially protected pepper plants from subsequent infection with Phytophthora capsici , Verticillium dahliae or Botrytis cinerea by significantly reducing the percentage of diseased plants and the appearance and intensity of symptoms. FOL did not inhibit the mycelial growth of these pathogens in vitro . The protection induced by FOL against Botrytis was inhibited by 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP), an inhibitor of ethylene perception, suggesting the involvement of this hormone in the signalling of FOL-induced resistance. The activities of β-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase 48 h after FOL induction were similar to those in control plants. Chitinase activity, however, was higher in the stems of plants inoculated with FOL. A study of the levels of phenolic compounds revealed that cell-wall-bound phenolics were more abundant in plants treated with FOL, especially in stems, while soluble phenolic contents did not differ.     

Induction of Systemic Resistance in Cucumber against Several Diseases by Plant Growth-promoting Fungi: lignification and Superoxide Generation

Five fungal isolates (Trichoderma, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phoma and a sterile fungus) from zoysiagrass rhizosphere that promote plant growth were tested for their ability to induce systemic resistance in cucumber plants against Colletotrichum orbiculare. Roots of cucumber plants were treated with these fungal isolates using barley grain inocula (BGI), mycelial inocula (MI) or culture filtrate (CF). Most isolate/inoculum form combinations significantly reduced the disease except BGI of Trichoderma. These fungal isolates were also evaluated for induction of systemic resistance against bacterial angular leaf spot and Fusarium wilt by treatment with BGI. Penicillium, Phoma and the sterile fungus significantly reduced the disease incidence of bacterial angular leaf spot. Phoma and sterile fungus protected plants significantly against Fusarium wilt. Roots treated with CFs of these fungal isolates induced lignification at Colletotrichum penetration points indicating the presence of an elicitor in the CFs. The elicitor activity of CFs was evaluated by the chemiluminescence assay using tobacco callus and cucumber fruit disks. The CFs of all isolates elicited conspicuous superoxide generation. The chemiluminescence activity of the CF of Penicillium was extremely high, and its intensity was almost 100-fold higher than that of other isolates. The chemiluminescence activity was not lost following treatment with protease or autoclaving or after removal of lipid. The MW 12,000 dialyzed CF fraction was highly effective in eliciting chemiluminescence activity. Chemiluminescence emission from cucumber fruit disks treated with Penicillium was the same as that obtained from tobacco callus, except that the lipid fraction also showed a high activity. Both the MW 12,000 fraction and the lipid fraction induced lignification in the epidermal tissues of cucumber hypocotyls.     

Effects of Plant Defence Activators on Anthracnose Disease of Cashew

The plant defence activators acibenzolar-S-methyl (Benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid-S-methyl ester, ASM), 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinic acid (DCINA), salicylic acid (SA), and dibasic potassium phosphate (K₂HPO₄) were tested for their ability to protect cashew (Anacardium occidentale) seeds and leaves from anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. No inhibition of the early stages of pathogen development was caused by concentrations equal to or lower than 1.1mM a.i. ASM, 1.2mM a.i. DCINA, 5mM SA and 50mM K₂HPO₄. Maximum reduction of the disease in detached leaves, without phytotoxic effects, was obtained with 0.07mM a.i. ASM and DCINA, 5mM SA, and 50mM K₂HPO₄, with a time interval of at least 72h between application of the activator and inoculation with the pathogen. On attached leaves, foliar sprays were slightly more efficient than soil drench treatments, with 5mM SA being the most effective treatment, while 50mM SA as well as 0.3mM a.i. ASM and DCINA caused phytotoxic effects. In field-grown plants, protection was conferred by a soil drench of concentrations as low as 12.6M a.i. ASM and DCINA and 2.6mM SA. These concentrations were not phytotoxic suggesting that plant defence activators have potential for control of anthracnose disease in the field.     

C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin-6 in dogs with pyometra and SIRS

Objective: To determine the frequency of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in canine pyometra and to evaluate the relationship between C‐reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and SIRS. Design: Prospective clinical study. Setting: Veterinary teaching hospital. Animals: Fifty‐three clinical cases of canine pyometra and 19 healthy control bitches. Interventions: Upon admission to the veterinary hospital, history and physical examination findings, including previously defined clinical SIRS parameters, were documented. Blood samples were obtained for hematology and biochemical tests and for CRP, TNFα, and IL‐6 analysis. The diagnosis of pyometra was confirmed by histopathology of the uterus after ovariohysterectomy. After surgery, clinical SIRS parameters, length of hospitalization, and mortality were recorded. Measurements and main results: Pyometra dogs were grouped as SIRS positive (30/53; 57%) or SIRS negative (23/53; 43%). Logistic regression showed that CRP was the only parameter that significantly related to SIRS apart from the clinical criteria that define this syndrome. The mortality rate was low (2/53; 3.8%), and conclusions regarding association with SIRS could not be drawn. A positive SIRS status, high plasma CRP concentration, and high body temperature were variables that related to increased morbidity reflected by the length of hospitalization. Conclusions: SIRS was seen in 57% of canine pyometra cases and a positive SIRS status showed a positive association with prolonged hospitalization. The mortality rate was low (3.3%) among SIRS positive dogs, indicating that progression to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) rarely occurs in surgically treated cases of pyometra. CRP was associated with SIRS and with prolonged hospitalization. Further studies of plasma CRP may be warranted in canine intensive care cases susceptible to development of SIRS and MODS.     

A nonlinear, dynamic, simulation model for transport, and whole plant allocation of systemic xenobiotics following foliar application. IV: Physicochemical properties requirements for optimum absorption and translocation

The relationship between the physicochemical properties (molar volume, partition coefficient, and dissociation constant) of slow-acting systemic postemergence xenobiotics and their uptake and translocation to the sites of action was investigated using the nonlinear, dynamic simulation model ERMESSE. When the pK_a was held constant at 4.0, the model enables the prediction of the uptake of a systemic xenobiotic as a function of its partition coefficient and molar volume. The model also considered the effects of the physicochemical properties of a systemic xenobiotic on its long-distance translocation within the vascular tissues. For instance, when the log K_ow and pK_a were held constant at 1.5 and 6.0, respectively, the model predicted a higher translocation rate (55%) for molecules with a small (e.g., MV = 100 cm³ mol⁻¹) as opposed to a large (e.g., MV = 300 cm³ mol⁻¹, 33%) molar volume. In addition, the theoretical predictions from the ERMESSE model showed that any xenobiotic with a molar volume not exceeding 300 cm³ mol⁻¹ could provide an uptake ?50% and a translocation rate ?25% when its log K_ow is between −0.5 and 2.5 and its pK_a is between 0.0 and 8.0.