Control of Leveillula taurica in Tomato by Acremonium alternatum is by Induction of Resistance, not Hyperparasitism

Spores of the hyperparasite Acremonium alternatum reduced powdery mildew infection by Leveillula taurica on greenhouse tomato. The effect was slightly increased when spores were applied killed, and therefore not due to direct parasitism. The effect was systemic, protecting untreated leaves above the treated ones. Spores killed by heat had more effect than when killed by UV, so the effect was presumably due to induction of host resistance by substances released when cells were heat killed. The size of the effect depended upon leaf age and level of infection. Effects on primary infection and expansion of successful infections appear to be under independent control.     

Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Pepper Plants by Acibenzolar-S-methyl against Bacterial Spot Disease

The ability of acibenzolar-S-methyl to induce resistance in pepper plants against Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria was investigated in both growth chamber and open field conditions. Growth chamber experiments showed that acibenzolar-S-methyl (300M) treatment protects pepper plants systemically and locally against X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. Evidence for this was a reduction in the number and diameter of bacterial spots and bacterial growth in planta. Systemic protection was also exerted by the acibenzolar-S-methyl acid derivative, CGA 210007, which may be produced by hydrolysis in the plant. The efficacy of acibenzolar-S-methyl was also found in open field conditions, where both leaves and fruit were protected from the disease. The highest efficacy (about 67%) was obtained by spraying the plants 6–7 times every 8–12 days with a mixture of acibenzolar-S-methyl and copper hydroxide (2.5 + 40ghl^–1 active ingredient). Persistence and translocation data obtained from the growth chamber experiments revealed a persistence of acibenzolar-S-methyl lasting five days after treatment with rapid translocation and negligible levels of acid derivative formation. Since the protection exerted by acibenzolar-S-methyl against bacterial spot disease was observed when the inducer was completely degraded, it would appear to be due to SAR activation.     

Mast cell tumours (mastocytosis) in the horse: A review of the literature and report of 11 cases

Mast cell tumours are uncommon tumours in horses, compared to some other species of domesticated animals. They are most frequently located in the skin, but they can also arise at other sites, including the upper respiratory tract and eye. Cytology or histopathology is required for diagnosis. Treatment options include surgical excision, laser ablation, cryotherapy, intralesional injection of corticosteroids or water, and radiotherapy. Malignant and systemic forms are very rare.     

Development of real-time PCR assays for the detection and differentiation of Australian and European ranaviruses

Serious systemic disease in fish and amphibians is associated with the ranaviruses, epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) and Bohle iridovirus (BIV) in Australia, and European sheatfish virus (ESV) and European catfish virus (ECV) in Europe. EHNV, ESV and ECV are recognized causative agents of the OIE (Office International des Epizooties) notifiable systemic necrotizing iridovirus syndrome and are currently identified by protein-based assays, none of which are able to rapidly identify the specific agents. The aim of this study was to develop TaqMan real-time PCR assays that differentiated these viruses using nucleotide sequence variation in two ranavirus genes. A conserved probe representing 100% sequence homology was used as a reference for virus-specific probes. The virus-specific probes produced a similar signal level to the conserved probe while those probes binding to non-target viral DNA produced an altered fluorescent curve. The pattern of probe binding was characteristic for each virus. Sensitivity, specificity and dynamic range of the assay were assessed. The test is currently useful as a research and initial screening tool, with the potential to become a sensitive and specific method for detection and differentiation of ranaviruses with further development.     

油船液货作业过程舱气状态实时仿真

采用大系统仿真的建模方法,将油船各个液货舱气相区作为节点置于液货气相管网中,构建一个大系统。在对液货气相管网采用管网有限元方法进行稳态建模和对油船所有液货舱气相区作为变质量系统实行动态建模的基础上,采用预报校正法来离散一阶非线性方程组,并根据工况特征来选择时间步长实现实时仿真各种液货作业中涉及船舶安全的液货舱气相区和气体管网系统中压力、温度、烃气浓度和氧浓度等舱气物性参数的动态变化。仿真结果符合客观实际并通过实测数据得到了验证。仿真研究为油船液货舱气相区乃至整个液货舱的状态控制和液货作业优化提供了理论依据和途径。     

农民专业合作经济组织的制度经济学研究

家庭联产承包责任制和统分结合的双层经营体制极大的调动了农民生产积极性和创造性,但随着改革开放逐步深入,以家庭为生产单位的农业生产模式在一定程度上制约我国农业现代化的发展。新型农民合作经济组织的涌现成为促进农业发展、农民增收的重要因素。本文从制度经济学的角度论述农民专业合作经济组织的理论根据,为其进一步发展提供理论依据。     

枯草芽孢杆菌CS16诱导香蕉抗病性相关防御酶系的研究

以多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶等5种防御酶作为植物抗病性反应指标,研究枯草芽孢杆菌CS16发酵液及其上清液对香蕉体内防御酶活性的影响,探讨其诱导香蕉抗病性机理。结果表明:CS16发酵液和上清液处理香蕉苗后,均能诱导香蕉叶片中PPO、POD、SOD、PAL、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶等5种防御酶活性变化。CS16发酵液处理可诱导香蕉植株防御酶出峰数目多、持续时间长。说明CS16菌株及其胞外代谢物在一定程度上能够诱导香蕉抗病性,推测CS16菌株诱导香蕉抗病性是其生防机制之一。     

Tobacco cultivars vary in induction of systemic resistance against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumber mosaic virus</Emphasis> and growth promotion by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas chlororaphis</Emphasis> O6 and its <Emphasis Type="Italic">gacS</Emphasis> mutant

The colonization of plant roots with certain rhizosphere bacteria promotes plant growth and induces long lasting systemic protection against a broad spectrum of plant pathogens. The role of the global regulator, GacS, in the rhizosphere colonist Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 in stimulating growth promotion and induced resistance against Cucumber mosaic virus was examined in tobacco. Responses were compared in tobacco cvs Samsun and GX3. Root colonization of Samsun with wild-type O6 and the gacS complemented mutant-elicited reduced viral symptoms and viral titre. On GX3, there was little affect on symptoms when roots were colonized by the wild-type, gacS mutant or complemented mutant but colonization by both the wild-type and the gacS mutant lowered viral titre. Wild-type O6 and the gacS mutant caused plant growth to be maintained in both tobacco cultivars after viral infection, although the affect was stronger with GX3 than Samsun. In contrast, although a chemical inducer, benzothiadiazole, reduced symptoms and viral titre in both cultivars, plant growth was suppressed. Our results indicate rhizobacteria-elicited induced viral resistance without a negative impact on growth but there was a differential response between cultivars. Detailed knowledge regarding the mechanisms inherent to these differences between cultivars requires further investigation.