Responses of Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Community Composition to Moisture Regimes in Paddy Soils Under Long-Term Fertilization Practices

The effects of fertilization on activity and composition of soil microbial community depend on nutrient and water availability;however,the combination of these factors on the response of microorganisms was seldom studied.This study investigated the responses of soil microbial community and enzyme activities to changes in moisture along a gradient of soil fertility formed within a long-term(24 years)field experiment.Soils(0–20 cm)were sampled from the plots under four fertilizer treatments:i)unfertilized control(CK),ii)organic manure(M),iii)nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizers(NPK),and iv)NPK plus M(NPK+M).The soils were incubated at three moisture levels:constant submergence,five submerging-draining cycles(S-D cycles),and constant moisture content at 40%water-holding capacity(low moisture).Compared with CK,fertilization increased soil organic carbon(SOC) by 30.1%–36.3%,total N by 27.3%–38.4%,available N by 35.9%–56.4%,available P by 61.4%–440.9%,and total P by 28.6%–102.9%.Soil fertility buffered the negative effects of moisture on enzyme activities and microbial community composition.Enzyme activities decreased in response to submergence and S-D cycles versus low moisture.Compared with low moisture,S-D cycles increased total phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs)and actinomycete,fungal,and bacterial PLFAs.The increased level of PLFAs in the unfertilized soil after five S-D cycles was greater than that in the fertilized soil.Variations in soil microbial properties responding to moisture separated CK from the long-term fertilization treatments.The coefficients of variation of microbial properties were negatively correlated with SOC,total P,and available N.Soils with higher fertility maintained the original microbial properties more stable in response to changes in moisture compared to low-fertility soil.     

无瓣海桑和秋茄人工林下土壤微生物群落研究

对2 a生单种无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)、单种秋茄(Kandelia obvata)和混种无瓣海桑—秋茄(1:1)人工林下土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构、酶活性进行了研究.结果表明,单种无瓣海桑林下土壤pH值最低(5.61±0.08),土壤有机质、总磷、总氮含量在3个群落间均无显著差异;单种无瓣海桑林下土壤蛋白酶、芳基硫酸酯酶和磷酸酶的活性高于其它两种人工林,脲酶、纤维素酶和脱氢酶活性以混种林下最高(分别为190.20±28.49,19.04±4.77和93.21±14.10μg·g-1·h-1),β-葡萄糖苷酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性在3种人工林下差异不显著;单种无瓣海桑林下土壤中各种脂肪酸含量较高,混种林下土壤的脂肪酸含量最低;典型相关分析表明,蛋白酶活性和土壤pH、总氮含量呈显著负相关(P<0.01),磷酸酶活性与总磷含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01).     

长期施用炭基有机肥对土壤铜形态及微生物群落的影响

为明确炭基有机肥施用对土壤重金属污染的缓解作用以及对土壤微生态的改良效果,设计小区试验,研究相同施氮量条件不同炭基有机肥处理（T1、T2和T3处理炭基有机肥中生物质炭的质量分数分别为3%、6%和9%）下,连续施用5年后,对土壤养分、土壤铜形态以及微生物群落的影响。结果表明：与对照组CK1（有机肥处理）相比,T1、T2和T3处理土壤pH分别显著提高0.65、0.86和0.90个单位,T2和T3处理显著提高土壤铵态氮含量,分别提高了1.94 和1.66倍,T3处理土壤有机碳含量显著提高22.7%;只有T3处理对可交换态和可还原态Cu分配率的影响较大,分别显著降低了21.9%和45.1%;T2和T3处理能显著提高土壤基础呼吸速率（增幅分别为51.5%和37.6%）; T3处理能够显著提高土壤细菌、革兰氏阴性菌以及PLFAs总量（增幅分别为15.5%,16.8%和17.2%）。此外,冗余分析表明,pH和总Cu是影响土壤微生物群落特征变异的主要环境因子。综上,炭基有机肥T3处理在改善土壤化学性质、钝化重金属Cu有效性、提高土壤微生物活性和数量方面的效果最佳。     

过滤介质对大豆浓缩磷脂透明度的影响

以大豆原油为原料,分别选择硅藻土、活性炭、活性白土、豆粕、珍珠岩、木质纤维素、凹凸棒土和膨润土作为过滤介质,对大豆原油过滤除杂,制备大豆浓缩磷脂,研究各种过滤介质对大豆浓缩磷脂透明度的影响,结果表明木质纤维素可以有效去除大豆原油中的杂质,制备得到的大豆浓缩磷脂透明度甚至比食品级大豆浓缩磷脂高。     

营养和病虫害管理对双季杂交水稻种植系统的土壤生态质量的共同影响

The mineral fertilizers(NPK) and pesticide,including herbicides,insecticides and fungicides,were applied alone or in combination and the soil sampling was done at different growth stages during the crop cycle to study the changes in soil organic matter,microbial biomass and their activity parameters in a paddy soil with different nutrient and pest management practices in a hybrid rice double-cropping system.A consistent increase in the electron transport system(ETS) activity was measured during the different crop growth stages of rice.The use of fertilizers(NPK) alone or with pesticides increased ETS activity,while a decline of ETS activity was noticed with pesticides alone as compared with the control.Nearly an increasing trend in soil phenol content was observed with the progression of crop growthstages,while the usage of pesticides alone caused maximum increments in the soil phenol content.The soil protein content was found nearly stable with fertilizers and/or pesticides application at various growth stages in both crops taken.But notable changes were noticed at different growth stages probable because of fluctuations in moisture and temperature at particular stages,which might have their effects on N mineralization.Marked depletions in the phospholipid content were found with the advancement of crop growth stages,while the incorporation of fertilizers and/or pesticides also produced slight changes,in which a higher decline was noticed with pesticide application alone compared with the control.     

有机肥与化肥配施对烤烟土壤微生物群落PLFAs动态的影响

通过田间试验,应用PLFAs方法,并结合生物多样性指数测度法,研究有机肥与化肥配施对烤烟土壤微生物群落动态变化及一些特征PLFA生物标记含量的影响。研究结果表明:与纯化肥相比,有机肥与化肥配施可明显提高土壤微生物Shannon-Wiener(H)多样性指数、丰富度指数(S)和Pielou均匀度(J)及Simpson优势度指数(D),且25%鸡粪 化肥的处理优于25%饼肥 化肥的处理;在烤烟整个生长发育过程中,各处理土壤中总PLFAs和各特征PLFA,如:16:0、18:1w9c、17:010Me、16:010Me、16:1w5c和18:1w7c等的相对生物量,均在烤烟生长后期达到最高值;且配施有机肥的处理总是高于纯化肥处理(CK)。除甲烷氧化菌的特征PLFA16:1w5c含量是25%饼肥 化肥的处理大于25%鸡粪 化肥处理外,其它特征PLFA,如:硫酸还原细菌(SRB)PLFA16:010Me和厌氧细菌PLFA18:1w7c生物含量皆为25%鸡粪 化肥处理大于25%饼肥 化肥处理。     

山楂生物膜磷脂组成的研究

本文用硅胶薄板进行单向层析,从山楂的不同组织和细胞器中分离出了7种膜磷脂:磷脂酰胆碱(PC)、磷脂酰肌醇(PI)、磷脂酰已醇胺(PE)、磷脂酰甘油(PG)、磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)磷脂酸(PA)和溶血磷脂酰胆碱(LPL).除定性分析外,对山楂不同组织和器官中膜磷脂的含量进行了测定比较。     

Decreased Sperm Quality in Mice Fed a Diet with Fish Oil

Polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs )play an important role in sperm quality and fertility.This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with PUFAs on male mice reproductive capacity.Mice were fed a diet of 4％ soybean oil (SO),4％ fish oil (FO),or 4％ conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for 30 days.Litter sizes and sperm quality were measured during the study.Litter size decreased in females mated with FO group males.Although sperm total number,motility,and in virto fertilization did not differ among treatments,the proportion of intact sperm membrane decreased in the FO group compared to other groups.This was supported by the increased proportion of damaged sperm membrane in the FO group.Furthermore,the percentage of high mitochonddal membrane potential (MMP) declined,but the percentage of low MMP was increased by dietary FO and CLA supplementation compared to the SO group.Sperm membrane phospholipid in mice receiving the FO diet had a higher concentration of docosapentenoic acid ( C22 ∶5n-3,DPA ),docosahexaneoic acid ( C22 ∶ 6n-3,DHA),and n-3 PUFAs,but lower levels of arachidonic acid ( C20∶4n-6,AA) and n-6 PUFAs compared to those receiving the SO diet.These data suggest that decreased sperm quality in mice fed a FO diet may be due to excessive DPA and DHA in the membrane.     

土壤微生物群落对高剂量的新鲜橄榄油厂废水的响应

An incubation experiment was designed in order to determine the further microbiological response to an addition (500 m³ ha^-1) of fresh olive mill wastewater (FOMWW) in a soil that has been frequently amended with uncontrolled doses of OMWW since 90s in an active disposal site (ADS soil). To achieve this aim, the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, microbial biomass C (C_mic), and dehydrogenase (DHA) and urease activities (URA) were monitored at the beginning (T₀), 3 h (T₁) and 97 d (T_f, i.e., the end) of incubation after FOMWW addition. After the FOMWW addition, an increase in the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs was observed in ADS soil. Moreover, a relative increase of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) with respect to saturated fatty acids (SATFA) was found in the ADS soil. An increase of the Gram-positive to Gram-negative ratio was observed in this soil at the end of the incubation. While DHA and Cmic increased in the ADS soil after FOMWW addition, URA showed a decrease. Fungi and Gram-positive bacterial biomass experienced an increase after addition of a high dose of FOMWW in laboratory conditions.