马来海松酸锌的合成及表征

以马来海松酸酐和醋酸锌为原料,在无水乙醇溶液中反应成功合成了马来海松酸锌.研究了反应条件对产物的影响;采用络合滴定法测定了产物中锌的含量;采用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDAX)和X射线衍射(XRD)等对产物进行了分析和表征.结果表明:醋酸锌和马来海松酸物质的量比为3∶1,反应温度为328 K,反应时间为5h反应得到高纯度的马来海松酸锌,产率可达94％以上.利用该方法制得的马来海松酸锌属于大分子化合物,产物中的—COO -与Zn2+发生了化学键合.     

辛烯基琥珀酸马铃薯淀粉酯中试设计及产品分析

在辛烯基琥珀酸马铃薯淀粉酯小试生产工艺的基础上设计了中试生产方案,对比中试产品与小试产品结构与性质,优化工艺参数,确定最佳中试工艺条件为:淀粉乳质量浓度40%、酸酐质量浓度3%、pH7.5~8.0、搅拌速度200 r.min-1、反应温度30℃、反应时间4 h,在此工艺下制备的辛烯基琥珀酸马铃薯淀粉酯取代度为0.0186 2.     

新型PVC热稳定剂马来海松酸锌的合成及表征

以马来海松酸酐和醋酸锌为原料,在无水乙醇中反应成功合成了新型PVC热稳定剂马来海松酸锌。研究了原料的摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度对产物的影响。结果表明：马来海松酸和醋酸锌摩尔比为1：3,反应温度为328K,反应时间为5h,反应得到高纯度的马来海松酸锌,产率可达93％以上。采用傅立叶红外光谱仪（FT-IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDAX）和X一射线衍射（XRD）对产物进行了分析和表征,采用络合滴定法测定了产物中锌的含量。结果表明：利用该方法制得的马来海松酸锌属于三维网状化合物,产物中的-COO-与Zn2＋发生了化学键合。采用刚果红法与热烘法初步研究了马来海松酸锌热稳定剂对PVC的热稳定性能,结果表明：马来海松酸锌具有较好的热稳定性效果,且具有很好的初期着色性,是一种较好的环保型PVC热稳定剂。     

桐油酸酐酰亚胺环氧树脂耐热性研究

以桐油、双马来酰亚胺、马来酸酐及环氧树脂为基本原料,合成了具有较好耐热性的桐油酸酐酰亚胺环氧树脂.重点讨论了不同原料,如桐油、马来酐、双马来酰亚胺及环氧树脂的用量、固化反应温度及固化反应时间等因素对树脂耐热性的影响.当桐油、双马来酰亚胺、马来酐和环氧树脂的质量比为1∶0.25∶0.2∶0.4,150 ℃烘烤5 h固化时,所得树脂具有较好的耐热性,温度指数(T20000)可达160.8 ℃.     

玉米籽皮稀酸水解液脱毒发酵制备丁二酸的可行性

丁二酸是一种重要的碳四平台化合物,利用非粮生物质替代淀粉制备丁二酸可保证粮食安全并降低原料成本。玉米籽皮是一种廉价的非粮生物质,该文采用稀酸水解玉米籽皮制备混合糖液,并对玉米籽皮稀酸水解液的脱毒条件进行了优化,优化结果为：活性炭用量1%（m/V）、pH4.0、作用温度30℃、作用时间30 min。在此工艺条件下,水解液的脱色率为92.27%,糠醛脱除率75%,5-羟甲基糠醛脱除率53%,多酚类化合物脱除率98%,总糖损失低于5%。经过脱毒处理后,产琥珀酸放线杆菌 NJ113均能利用水解液中的葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖,培养基总糖浓度为50 g/L时,丁二酸分批发酵的质量收率可达0.68 g/g,浓度可达34.2 g/L,生产强度达0.83 g/(L·h),总糖浓度为68.2 g/L时,丁二酸质量收率仍可达0.62 g/g,浓度42.3 g/L,生产强度0.98 g/(L·h)。发酵试验表明脱毒的玉米籽皮稀酸水解液作为碳源厌氧发酵制备丁二酸具有可行性。     

4-溴邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯的合成

[目的]考察4-溴邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯的合成工艺条件。[方法]以苯酐、溴素及异辛醇为主要起始原料,经溴化反应得到4-溴邻苯二甲酸,再经酯化反应合成4-溴邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯。通过考察原料的摩尔比、反应时间及催化剂用量等关键因素对试验结果的影响,研究合成的优化条件。[结果]酯化反应中较优的合成条件是：催化剂浓硫酸的用量为总原料质量的4％,4-溴邻苯二甲酸与异辛醇的摩尔比为1：5,反应时间为5h,以苯酐计产品的综合收率为87．13％,试验所得产品经气相色谱分析含量在昕％以上,产品结构经^1H—NMR分析确定与目标产物相符。[结论]产物的表征为,4-溴邻苯二甲酸,^1H—NMR（D2O）：8．52（s,1H）;8．23（s,1H）;7．98（s,1H）;4-溴邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯,^1H—NMR（CDCl3）：8．25（s,1H）;7．97（s,1H）;7．73（s,1H）;4．20—4．28（m,4H）;2．05～2．12（m,2H）;1．25～1．33（m,16H）：0．94～0．99（12H）。     

桐马酸酐甲酯接枝改性杨木粉的制备及其表征

以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂、吡啶为催化剂,采用桐马酸酐甲酯(MEMA)对杨木粉(PWP)表面接枝化学改性。研究了反应物料配比、反应温度、反应时间及催化剂用量对杨木粉改性反应的影响,并通过接触角测量、元素分析、红外光谱(FT-IR)、13C固体核磁共振光谱(13C CP-MAS NMR)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了改性杨木粉的结构与表面性能。实验结果表明:以MEMA与PWP质量比7.5∶1,催化剂吡啶用量为杨木粉质量的5%,120℃反应6 h,制备的桐马酸酐甲酯改性杨木粉的质量增加率为20%～25%;改性后杨木粉疏水性增强。     

Endogenous organic acid variations in different chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes

Abstract

Changes in cropping systems during the past century have led to selective pressure on weed flora. Species and ecotypes with characteristics enabling them to survive in high-input farmland have increased in numbers, at the cost of plants lacking these characters. Since the 1950s, the perennial weed species Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and Sonchus arvensis L. have mainly been controlled by the herbicide group synthetic auxins like MCPA. During recent decades, C. arvense seems to have become less susceptible to MCPA in both Europe and North America but the reasons are unclear.

To study the importance of selective pressure on weed ecotypes, both short- and long-term studies were carried out in Uppsala, Sweden. The first consisted of two growth-characteristic greenhouse experiments. The hypothesis was that ecotypes of C. arvense and S. arvensis from high-input farmland were different and displayed a more competitive growth pattern than did ecotypes from low-input farmland.

The second study was a field experiment with four ecotypes of C. arvense from low-input farmland to study if selective pressure was in force, over a period of six years. The four ecotypes had different growth characteristics and herbicide sensitivity and they were exposed to crop competition and MCPA treatments during the experimental period. The hypothesis was that ecotypes with a more competitive growth pattern and MCPA tolerance would survive to a greater extent than would other ecotypes. For C. arvense, the results from the growth-characteristic experiment showed that the growth pattern of ecotypes from high-input farmland differed, showing a more directly elongated growth pattern with fewer spines on the leaves compared with ecotypes from low-input farmland, which usually were of rosette-type. Results from the field experiment with C. arvense showed that after six years MCPA-sensitive and/or rosette-type ecotypes had almost disappeared while ecotypes with a more directly elongated growth pattern and less sensitive to MCPA survived to a much greater extent. The conclusion was therefore that when exposed to selective pressure like crop competition and herbicide treatments, ecotypes of C. arvense with a more directly elongated growth pattern and less sensitive to herbicide treatment survived to a greater extent compared with ecotypes missing these traits. Ecotypes from high-input farmland had generally fewer leaf spines than did ecotypes from low-input farmland. This may suggest a trade-off between spine formation and rapid competitive growth. In the growth-characteristic experiment with S. arvensis, no differences between ecotypes from high- and low-input farmland regarding growth characteristics or leaf spines could be detected. This might partly be due to a lower exposure of S. arvensis to selective pressure compared with C. arvense, since S. arvensis generally is less sensitive to MCPA.     

含高浓度 SO42-有机废水混合处理实验研究

研究了含高浓度SO42-废水和农药废水混合进行厌氧处理的工艺,对产气量,COD, SO42-, S2-, TVA, pH 等控制指标进行监测,并在实际工程中得到应用,证明该工艺可行的.     

双戊烯合成萜马加成物反应的动力学及主产物结构的研究

以稀土金属氧化物为催化剂，催化工业双民顺丁烯二酸酐连续进行异构／Ｄｉｅｌｓ－Ａｌｄｅｒ反应，合成出萜烯／马来酸酐加成物；用气相色谱法跟踪研究了反应的进程，并模拟了反应反动力学方程，鉴定了主产物的结构，结果表明动力学方程的拟合精度好，平均相对误差小于２．５％；产物中绝大部分是正常的双烯加成物。