海南岛尖峰岭热带林生态系统研究*Ⅰ.热带北缘生物基因库 Ⅱ.生态系列研究

本文系1979—1986年采用本底调查、小区实验和定位观测等方法对海南岛尖峰岭热带林生态系统进行多学科综合研究的总报告。本报告共分7部分:世界热带北缘的丰富的生物基因库;生态系列研究;热带林水热状况;热带林物质循环;游耕农业生态后果;热带林采伐后的更新与演替。长期本底调查查明本区有植物1668种,隶属 198科798属;已知昆虫26目 4000余种,已知大型真菌260种。对由海滨至主峰的滨海有刺灌丛、稀树草原、半落叶季雨林、常绿季雨林、山地雨林,山顶苔藓矮林所构成的生态系列进行了组成、结构、土壤、林分生长等特征及其形成的自然地理环境进行了综合性比较研究。     

指数平滑法在公路软土地基沉降预测中的应用

运用指数平滑法分析计算公路软土地基沉降量,并对下一时间段的沉降量进行预测.结合哈尔滨绕城高速公路西段软基沉降观测数据,证明了指数平滑法预测软基沉降量的实用性.     

Fuelwood Resources and Forest Regeneration on Fallow Land in Uganda

Abstract

East African forests have been largely converted to agriculture. The remaining forests hold many endangered species but are threatened by the heavy local demand for fuelwood. Here we evaluate fallow land in western Uganda as an alternate fuel source to diverse forests. We quantify the regeneration process on fallows, calculate tree bio-mass increases, and measure grass and woody herb biomass over 44 months. The biomass values we measured were typical or slightly below the average from 11 studies elsewhere in the tropics. Variation in biomass between our neighboring study sites exceeded that between sites on different continents, indicating the sensitivity of vegetation regeneration to local land use. Tree regeneration was extremely slow (0.46 g/m²/year); however, the woody herbs and grasses on a 4 year old fallow of ～0.5 ha can provide much of a family's domestic fuel. Fallow land is generally abundant in western Uganda and can partially alleviate pressure on forests for domestic fuels. Fallows cannot however provide the trees demanded by charcoal, brick, and gin manufacturers. In the future, conserving forests while meeting fuelwood demands will require improving local land tenure security, enhancing the productivity of cultivated and abandoned land, promoting more efficient stoves, stills and kilns, and curtailing illicit, inefficient charcoal manufacture.     

Soil water response to precipitation in different microtopographies on the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China

Soil water is an important factor restricting afforestation on the semi-arid Loess Plateau.The microtopography of the loess slope has changed the distribution pattern of soil water on the slope.To improve water utilization efficiency and optimize afforestation configuration patterns,the relationship between soil water and precipitation at micro-topographic scale must be studied.We used time series analysis to study the temporal variation of soil water and its response to precipitation in four kinds of micro-topographies and undisturbed slope on loess slopes.Micro-topographies significantly influenced soil water distribution and dynamics on the slopes.Soil water stored in the platform,sinkhole,and ephemeral gully influenced subsequent soil water for 4 weeks,whereas soil water stored in the scarp and undisturbed slope could influence soil water for 2 weeks.It took 12 weeks,10 weeks,18 weeks,6 weeks,and 12 weeks for precipitation to reach the deeper soil layer in the platform,sinkhole,scarp,ephemeral gully,and undisturbed slope,respectively.These soil water characteristics in different micro-topographies are vital factors that should be taken into consideration when undertaking afforestation on the Loess Plateau.     

退化草地群落演替趋向研究进展

草地群落的退化演替以植物个体、种群与群落层次上植物的动态以及土壤理化性状的改变等现象为表征。主要从植物个体形态特征、草地退化模式、草地土壤养分变化等方面对退化的响应,探讨了草地退化演替的特征和趋势,建议今后对草地的退化演替机理、放牧生态学、恢复生态学、界面生态学及草地的价值评估等方面进行更深入的研究。     

淮河流域降雨-侵蚀背景及时空演变特征

当前全球气候正经历以变暖为主要特征的显著变化,为土壤侵蚀及水土流失的防治提出新的挑战。研究探索气候变化特别是降雨变化特征、时空演变及对侵蚀的潜在影响,是深刻认识气候变化与土壤侵蚀之间关联,减少未来水土流失防治不确定性的前提和基础。以降雨侵蚀力为指标,对淮河流域降雨—侵蚀背景及时空演变特征进行了计算分析。结果表明:1951—2008年间流域多年降雨的潜在侵蚀能力为5 269.12 MJ/(mm.hm2.h),峰值位于南部的大别山区。时间演变上,全流域多年降雨—侵蚀背景未呈现显著增减趋势。空间变化上,周口、大别山区及蚌埠附近三个地区潜在侵蚀背景的上升趋势最为显著,北部鲁中南低山丘陵沿脉区域也呈现一定上升趋势,以上区域应优先加强侵蚀防治对未来降雨变化的适应研究。     

陕北黄土丘陵区退耕地植物群落演替特征

为了解黄土丘陵区侵蚀地貌退耕地植物群落演替模式及其基本特征,以陕北安塞纸坊沟流域的20块不同年限退耕地和荒坡为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列的方法进行植物群落的调查和演替特征的分析。结果表明:退耕地植物群落大致经历了茵陈蒿群落—杂类草—狗尾草群落—长芒草群落—铁杆蒿群落—茭蒿群落的演替过程。植物群落的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均表现出随演替进行而上升的变化规律,但上升的速率各异;演替前期和中期的群落基本上属于对数级数分布,说明该阶段的物种组成主要是生态位预占模式起作用,演替后期的群落属于对数正态分布,可能是生态位预占、周围繁殖体的侵入压力、种间竞争和其他因素共同作用的结果;群落盖度变化与演替时间符合二次函数变化规律。     

基于GF-1和Sentinel-2时序数据的茶园识别

由于茶园大多分布在地形复杂的山区,地块破碎,分布零散,形状差异大、植被混杂且茶园所处环境长期受到云雨的影响,增加了茶园遥感识别的难度与不确定性,针对这一问题,该研究提出了利用高分1号(GF-1)和哨兵2号(Sentinel-2)时序数据提取茶园的方法,以浙江省武义县王宅镇为研究区,采用GF-1号为主要数据源,并利用MODIS地表反射率产品和Sentinel-2反射率数据,基于时空融合算法得到时间分辨率5 d的10 m Sentinel-2完整的时序数据。综合利用GF-1在空间细节方面的优势和重建的Sentinel-2高观测频率时序数据在反映茶树生长过程方面的优势,分别基于GF-1的光谱和纹理特征及GF-1的光谱、纹理特征和Sentinel-2时序特征两种特征组合方式,采用随机森林算法提取茶园。结果表明,GF-1光谱、纹理信息结合Sentinel-2时序信息分类结果的准确率、错误率、精确率、召回率和F1分数分别为96.91%、3.09%、89.00%、83.09%和0.86,仅基于GF-1光谱和纹理信息的分类准确率、错误率、精确率、召回率和F1分数分别为94.72%、5.28%、73.09%、84.61%和0.78,添加时序信息分类结果总体优于未添加时序信息的分类结果。表明高空间分辨率结合高频率时序遥感数据是提高茶园分类精度的有效手段。     

CAB系列甜樱桃砧木离体快繁技术研究

以CAB6P和CAB11E 2种脱毒甜樱桃砧木嫩梢茎尖为试材,成功地进行了离体快繁研究。结果表明:外植体在改良的DKW培养基上进行诱导培养和继代增殖培养最好,在1/2MS培养基(铁盐为DKW)生根较好;同时特定的液体培养基可以显著地将增殖培养的不定稍拉长。温室中的温度、湿度控制和病害防治是试管苗移栽成活率的一个关键环节。     

伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地退化演替序列的划分

基于14个样地70个样方,运用聚类分析对研究区伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transillense)荒漠草地进行退化演替序列划分,并对其退化过程的阶段进行诊断.结果表明,伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地退化过程可以划分为四个阶段,即未退化、中度退化、重度退化和极度退化.随着退化程度的加剧,群落主要植物种的优势地位发生明显变化,其结果与野外观察一致.