喀斯特石漠化区植被演替过程中土壤质量研究——以广西都安澄江小流域为例

采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,研究喀斯特石漠化区植被演替过程中土壤质量变化特征。以广西都安澄江小流域为例,选取4个植物演替阶段,即乔木、灌丛、灌草丛、草丛的典型样地,对该地区土壤理化性质进行分析,研究植被演替对土壤质量特征的影响。结果表明：在石漠化地区植被演替过程中,土壤含水量、pH值、有机质、氮、磷、钾等含量均有一定程度的下降。导致这一变化的主要原因是植被生长情况、土壤养分积累能力等。     

滇西北亚高山地区黄背栎林植被演替过程中的林地土壤化学响应

探讨了滇西北亚高山地区黄背栎林植被演替过程中林地土壤化学性质的变化。研究结果表明:在该植物群落不同的植被演替阶段,其林地土壤的化学性质与之相响应。随着其植被的正向演替,林地土壤各项化学指标均向良性发展:土壤的pH值逐渐降低;土壤有机质、全N及水解N含量均呈上升趋势;速效K含量在演替顶极前期达最大含量,到演替顶极期有所下降;速效P含量在演替过程中有所变化,但随其植被演替的变化不明显,没有一定的规律性;林地上层土壤养分增加较之下层土壤增加率要大。该地区土壤化学性质变化与其群落的良性发展呈正相关。     

土壤理化性质和微生物活性对水田改果园的动态响应

[目的]探讨土壤微生物特性及环境因子对水田改果园的动态响应规律,为进一步研究土地利用变化对土壤生态环境的影响,预测水田改果园后土壤质量的长期变化趋势提供科学依据。[方法]在浙江省范围内选择1个代表性的水田改果园土壤系列,采用后切时间序列法,分析水田改果园后土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量及酶活性等指标的动态响应规律。[结果]水田改果园后,土壤含水率、0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体、pH值、有机质、盐基饱和度、全氮、碱解氮含量显著(p0.01)下降,全钾、有效钾、全磷和有效磷含量分别增加了21.9%,54.7%,42.0%和6.65倍,并且这些指标都与植树年限呈极显著(p0.01)相关。改果园后,土壤微生物生物量碳和氮平均含量分别下降了74.4%和73.3%,土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性平均值分别增加了40.0%和41.8%,土壤过氧化氢酶活性平均值下降69.3%,并都与植树年限呈极显著相关(p0.01)。[结论]水田改果园后土壤环境因子发生阶段性变化,且土地利用方式的影响要大于利用年限的影响。水田改果园后土壤综合肥力下降,并对生态环境和土地可持续利用带来不利影响。     

草地有毒植物狼毒种群分布格局及动态

狼毒为瑞香科根颈型多年生有毒植物。依据株丛枝条数量多少将狼毒株丛划分为3个级别即I级株丛、Ⅱ级株丛和Ⅲ级株丛。采用邻接格子样方法取样，运用扩散系数作为聚集强度的测度指标，并进行泊阿松分布和负二项分布的X^2拟合检验；运用Greig-Smith的成对样方方差法绘制格局分析图，研究了糙隐子草草原3个放牧演替阶段的狼毒种群的分布格局类型、规模。结果表明：在重牧、过牧、极牧阶段狼毒种群I级株丛均为聚集分布，Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级株丛均为随机分布；重牧、过牧阶段狼毒种群总体呈聚集分布，而在极牧阶段则为随机分布。放牧扰动对狼毒种群的分布格局类型、规模产生不同程度的影响。     

Distribution, regeneration and succession ofFagus

The distribution, regeneration and succession ofFagus in China were systematically analyzed in comparison with those in Europe and in northern America. The results showed that it was very likely that China was the distribution center ofFagus, which originated in eastern Asia, migrated into northern America and then into Europe. Distribution ofFagus in China is relatively independent with seven species. The main reason for wide distribution ofFagus in Europe, but unitary species, is possibly the influence of the climate in Quaternary Period, and also related with influence of the ocean climate. This study was supported by National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (39500116 and 39670145) (Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai)     

华北地区小麦品种更替过程中光合器官细胞形态和光合性能演替规律的研究──Ⅱ.旗叶光合性能的演替

以华北地区自50年代开始至今各年代大面积推广的冬小麦代表品种为材料,对其旗叶的光合性能进行了比较研究。结果表明,按品种的更替顺序,旗叶的叶绿素含量和光合速率在衰老过程中下降较慢,表现为光合速率高值持续期逐渐延长,叶片功能期有所延长,平均光合速率有所提高,因此,反应叶片一生中碳同化能力的叶源量逐渐增大。进一步的分析表明：平均光合速率的提高、叶面积的增大和高光合持续期的延长都是品种更替过程中光合性能优化的因素;光合性能的优化具有内部解剖结构的基础;光合性能的优化与产量构成因素的优化是相一致的。     

Dynamics of microbial biomass in Cambisols under a three year succession fallow in North Eastern Saxony

The response of microbial biomass carbon (C_mic), nitrogen (N_mic), basal respiration, and the metabolic quotient to 3 years of a natural succession fallow were studied in a field experiment on sandy soil in Northeast Saxony/Germany from 1996 to 1998. Soil samples were taken from Eutric Cambisol and Mollic Cambisol every six weeks during the vegetation period at soil depths of 0—10 and 10—30 cm. The C_mic content in the topsoils increased with time of succession in both soil types. This trend was more distinct in the Mollic Cambisol (70.7 μg g^—1 in June 1996 to 270.9 μg g^—1 in October 1998 at 0—10 cm) than in the Eutric Cambisol (69.7 μg g^—1 in June 1996 to 175.0 μg g^—1 in October 1998 at 0—10 cm). By contrast, the N_mic content slightly decreased in the Eutric Cambisol from 18.9 μg g^—1 to 17.7 μg g^—1 during the same time period. In the Mollic Cambisol, the N_mic increased from 18.8 μg g^—1 in spring 1996 to 35.5 μg g^—1 in fall 1998, however to a lower extent than the C_mic. Subsequently, the (C:N)_mic ratio increased from 4.3 to 5.8 at soil depth of 0—10 cm and from 3.5 to 6.5 at 10—30 cm during the 3‐year‐study at the Eutric Cambisol. In the Mollic Cambisol, the enhancement of (C:N)_mic ratio was more pronounced (i.e. from 4.3 to 6.7 at 0—10 cm and from 3.5 to 7.2 at 10—30 cm). Most likely this results from a shift in microbial populations towards a dominance of soil fungi. The already low basal respiration of, on average, 0.26 mg CO₂ g^—1 (24h)^—1 (0—10 cm) in June 1996 decreased with time of succession fallow to 0.15 and 0.22 mg CO₂ g^—1 (24h)^—1 in October 1998 in the Eutric and the Mollic Cambisol, respectively. Thus, the metabolic quotient as an indicator for the efficiency of organic matter turnover in soil was very low in both soils. During the summer months, the metabolic quotients reached minimum levels of ≤ 0.1 μg CO₂ C (g C_mic)^—1 h^—1, probably because of low soil moisture contents. Correlation analyses revealed close relationships between N_mic and total N, N_mic and water content, and N_mic and pH values. These relationships became even more pronounced with the time period of natural succession. For the samples from fall 1998, highly significant correlations were determined between N_mic and total N (coefficients were r_s = 0.91^***), N_mic and water content (r_s = 0.91^***), and N_mic and pH value (r_s = 0.76^***). The values for all biological parameters studied were larger in the Mollic than in the Eutric Cambisol. This indicates higher turnover rates of different C and N fractions in the Mollic Cambisol. In general, set aside of formerly agricultural managed sandy soils resulted in greater C_mic : N_mic ratios and thus, in a change in the microbiological community structure as well as in reduced C and N turnover rates (i.e. low metabolic quotient) under the climatic conditions of the East German lowlands.     

部分晚造超级稻品种特征特性试验

针对桂林市超级稻生产中存在的问题,为筛选出丰产性好,抗逆性强,米质优和熟期适宜的晚造超级稻新品种,对丰源优299、金优299、天优998等5个超级稻品种进行插秧栽培比较试验。结果表明：丰源优299表现最好,单产达496．0kg／667m^2,增产8．1％;其次是金优299,单产达487．8kg／667m^2,增产6．3％;其他组合（品种）作连作晚造种植,表现生育期偏长。     

洱海浮游植物群落结构及季节演替

2011年4月至2012年3月对洱海浮游植物群落结构及季节演替进行了周年调查.结果表明,洱海常见浮游植物有7门、80属、115种;其中,蓝藻门24种,硅藻门16种,绿藻门65种,金藻门和隐藻门各2种,甲藻门和裸藻门各3种.春季以钝脆杆藻(Fragilaria capucina)、直链藻(Melosira sp.)、尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta)为优势种;夏季以直链藻、小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、转板藻(Mougeotia sp.)、尖尾蓝隐藻、惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)、乌龙藻(Woronichinia sp.)为优势种;秋季以乌龙藻、游丝藻(Planctonema lauterbornii)为优势种;冬季以游丝藻、水华束丝藻(Aphanizonmenon flos-aquae)、钝脆杆藻为优势种;浮游植物生物量的季节变化表现为秋季最高、夏冬季次之、春季低,最高值出现在11月,达5 899.17×104个/L,最低值出现在2月,为339.21×104个/L.与历史资料相比,近年来洱海浮游植物生物量呈上升趋势,多样性指数降低,蓝藻水华优势种由鱼腥藻转变为微囊藻和乌龙藻,绿藻门细胞数量占浮游植物细胞总数量的比例持续增加.