不同养殖年份鱼塘底泥细菌群落多样性及演替分析

为探究不同养殖年份的鱼塘底泥中细菌多样性及演替关系,通过构建16S rRN A基因文库,比较分析养殖1年和养殖4年池塘底泥样品细菌的群落构成,分别由养殖1年和养殖4年文库获得145和172个克隆子,香农—威纳多样性指数分别为2．37和2．22,辛普森优势度指数分别为9．36和7．58,覆盖度指数分别为100％和93．3％。 Prolixibacter （34／145）、荚硫菌属（17／145）、浮霉菌属（15／145）和脱硫微菌属（12／145）为养殖1年样品优势菌群,长绳菌属（41／172）、Prolixibacter （31／172）、黄色单胞菌属（22／172）、Cetobacterium （21／172）和噬纤维菌属（15／172）为养殖4年样品优势菌群。养殖1年和养殖4年文库细菌菌群结构在种分类水平上的相似度系数为0．6171。由此可知,养殖池塘底泥中蕴含着复杂的微生物群落体系,长期的积累促使该微生物群落发生了演替。     

旱泉沟流域次生林演替过程中种群格局动态

对旱泉沟流域的植被种类组成、物种多样性和物种重要值进行调查分析,采用TWINSPAN对旱泉沟流域次生植物群落进行数量分类,从植物群系组成、植物群落之间的生态关系方面,研究旱泉沟流域封山禁牧区植被群落的分布格局,初步探讨乔木树种的演替趋势。研究结果表明：1）采用TWINSPAN数量分类方法,将植被划分为7个群落类型;2）从群落Ⅰ到群落Ⅶ, 乔木、灌木、草本的Simpson优势度指数基本持平,Shannon Wiener多样性指数为乔木<灌木<草本,Pielou均匀度指数为乔木>草本>灌木,物种丰富度逐渐升高。群落的物种组成和空间结构逐渐复杂化,并趋于稳定;3）次生林的演替序列为山杨树Populus davidiana→桦树Betula platyphylla→青海云杉Pica crassifolia,其自然演替顶级为青海云杉。     

草坪杂草入侵及其竞争效应

以华中农业大学校园的建植草坪为研究对象,以机械布点方式进行样地布设。在所设置的85块样地中进行物种名录调查与统计,并对其中不同光照条件、建植年限及人工管理水平等17块典型样地进行物种特征值调查与计算,以物种重要值来反映该物种在群落中的地位与优势程度。结果表明,在所建植的草坪内入侵植物达141种,隶属39科,其中菊科、蝶形花科、伞形科、石竹科等杂草通过入侵、定居、生长和繁殖,成为优势物种。入侵物种的分布及其竞争能力受光照条件、土壤质地、建植草坪草物种特性及人工管理的影响。管理技术措施,如遮荫、松土、施肥、灌溉及去除杂草是影响其竞争能力的最直接因素。     

科尔沁沙地不同恢复年限退化植被的物种多样性

 研究了科尔沁沙地封育０年的流动沙丘、封育１１年的沙丘（流动、半流动和半固定沙丘）和封育２０年的沙丘（流动、半流动、半固定和固定沙丘）的群落组成及其物种多样性变化。结果表明,随着沙丘的固定和封育年限的增加,植被丰富度、盖度和物种多样性逐渐增加,优势度逐渐减小。沙地退化植被恢复演替模式为：先锋植物沙蓬为主的一年生植物群落（流动沙丘阶段）→灌木差巴嘎蒿和一、二年生草本植物为主的群落（半流动和半固定沙丘阶段）→一、二年生草本和多年生草本为主的杂草群落（固定沙丘阶段）。在沙地退化植被恢复过程中,群落物种组成结构存在递进性和渐变性;禾本科植物和多年生草本逐渐增加,植物群落结构趋于复杂、草本质量明显改善。     

Predicting tree regeneration in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis> snag stands

A bark beetle (Ips typographus) infestation caused the death of almost all Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees in a mountain forest in the Swiss Alps. We developed a tree regeneration model, ‘RegSnag’ (=REGeneration in a SNAG stand), to project the future amount and height of tree regeneration in these snag stands. The model combines a height-class structured tree module with a microsite-based module of snag decay and ground-vegetation succession. Microsite-specific rates of germination, mortality and height growth were modelled for four tree species (Picea abies, Sorbus aucuparia, Acer pseudoplatanus and Betula pendula) in eight height classes (from seedlings to saplings 5 m tall) and on 26 microsite types (e.g. moss, grass). Model tests with independent field data from 8 years after the Picea die-back demonstrated that microsites had a considerable effect on the development of tree regeneration on both the montane and the subalpine level. With microsite-specific parameters, the height and frequency of Picea in each microsite could be simulated more accurately than without considering microsite effects (e.g. bias of 8 vs. 119 saplings ha⁻¹ on the montane level). Results of simulations 40 years into the future suggest that about 330–930 Picea saplings per ha out of those that germinated in 1994 and 1996 will reach a height of 5 m within 30–35 years after Picea die-back. This is due to differences in seed inflow and browsing intensities. Picea and not Betula or Sorbus trees will replace the current herbaceous vegetation in these snag stands.     

Presettlement and modern disturbance regimes in coast redwood forests: Implications for the conservation of old-growth stands

Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), a western North American conifer of ancient lineage, has a paradoxical combination of late-successional characteristics and strong adaptations to disturbance. Despite its shade tolerance and heavy dominance of the canopy on many sites, redwood saplings are uncommon in upland old-growth stands. Information needed to ensure the conservation of old-growth redwood forests has been limited. In this review paper, we integrate evidence on redwood biology with data on the historic and modern disturbance regimes to help clarify the degree to which key attributes of redwood forests may have been dependent upon periodic disturbance. Available evidence suggests that episodes of fire, flooding, and slope failure prior to European settlement were frequent but predominantly of low to moderate severity and extent, resulting in broadly uneven-aged forests. The majority of fires prior to European settlement were apparently of human origin. Frequency and severity of the major disturbance agents have been radically changed in modern times. Fires have been largely excluded, and flooding has been altered in ways that have often been detrimental to old-growth redwoods on alluvial terraces. However, because of the apparent anthropogenic origin of most presettlement fires, the long-term evolutionary role of fire for coast redwood is ecologically ambiguous. With fire exclusion, redwood possibly could be displaced to some extent on upland sites by increasing abundance of fire-sensitive competitors. Alternatively, redwood may be able to maintain dominance by vegetative sprouting and new seedling establishment on root-wad mounds, fallen logs, and on soil exposed by slope failure. Future research priorities are suggested that will help resolve some of the current ambiguities.     

Controls on early post-fire woody plant colonization in riparian areas

Fire in riparian areas has the potential to influence the functions riparian vegetation provides to streams and aquatic biota. However, there is little information on the effects of fire on riparian areas. The objectives of the present study were to: (i) determine how fire severity interacts with riparian topographic setting, micro-environmental conditions, and pre-fire community composition to control post-fire regeneration; (ii) determine how riparian regeneration patterns and controls change during early succession; and (iii) determine how critical riparian functions are influenced by and recover after fire. Study locations included the Biscuit Fire in southwestern Oregon and the B&B Complex Fire in the Cascade Mountain Range of west-central Oregon, USA. We measured post-fire woody species regeneration, and measured factors such as fire severity, pre-fire species composition, and stream size as potential factors associated with post-fire regeneration patterns. At a relatively coarse spatial scale, patterns in post-fire colonization were influenced by elevation. At finer spatial scales, both conifer- and hardwood-dominated riparian plant communities were self-replacing, suggesting that each community type tends to occur in specific ecological settings. Abundant post-fire regeneration in riparian areas and the self-replacement of hardwood- and conifer-dominated communities indicate high resilience of these disturbance-adapted plant communities.     

林窗模型研究进展

林窗模型是一类以气候因子(温度和降水)为主要驱动变量对森林动态进行模拟预测的方法, 因其参数易于获得和估计, 结构灵活而开放, 便于研究者根据需要进行适当的修改, 因而得到了迅速的发展, 在世界各地的许多森林类型中得到广泛应用。阐述了林窗模型假设及其发展变化, 系统总结了林窗模型树木生长方程以及影响树木生长的环境因子, 分析了林窗模型对树木死亡过程和更新过程的模拟方法, 指出目前林窗模型研究中存在的问题以及未来的发展方向。     

尼加拉瓜废弃农田次生演替后的土壤种子库

定量分析了被废弃4年、9年和14年的农田地上派生的次生林土壤中种子组成和密度,从而检测在次生林演替形成过程中,土壤种子库是否能随着植物种群的集成而集成。分别在废弃了4年、9年和14年的农田地里（15cm&#215;15cm样方、9cm土层深）,掘取了18,37和48份土壤样品。在废弃了4,9和14年的农田地上,分别发现了3,5和9个物种。在这些不同的生命形态中,在9年和14年的迹地上,土壤种子树木占主要成分,分别为60%和33%,而4年废弃迹地主要被非木本植物所占领。三块废弃地里,4年废弃迹地植物种子的总数为327粒,相应可发育的种子密度为141粒/m2,14年废弃迹地种子的总数为46粒,相应的可发育种子的密度为26粒/m^2,指明种子数、种子密度随废弃地龄成下降趋势。在9年和14年龄废弃地上,土壤种子植物种类与立地木本植物种类的相似度较低,而4年龄地上两者比较则完全不同。我们认为：土壤种子库的物种构成是在次生演替过程中逐渐形成的,但是,所获得的总体种子密度太低,仅仅依赖于这些种子来实现树木自然再生是不可靠的。为了加快这些废弃地次生林的恢复,既要依靠自然集成的土壤种子库,还需要通过直播、所需物种的强化种植和设定人工生长环境以利于种子传播。     

北京山区黑桦天然次生林不同种群的格局分析

根据2006年6月对北京八达岭林场0.5 hm2黑桦天然次生林样地的调查结果,采用点格局分析方法,对群落内主要种群和黑桦种群各龄级个体在不同尺度下的空间分布格局和相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:①黑桦和蒙椴种群单种格局在研究的空间尺度范围内呈显著的集群分布,元宝槭种群在小尺度上呈集群分布,在较大尺度上呈随机分布。②主要树种之间存在种间关联,重要值最高的黑桦和蒙椴呈显著负相关关系,说明此群落组成和结构不稳定,正处于植被演替阶段。③黑桦种群各龄级木的分布格局随树龄的增加,由集群分布逐渐趋向于随机分布。④黑桦种群相邻龄级木之间的相互关系主要是正相关关系,而不相邻龄级木之间的关系多为负相关关系。