生物秸秆对肉鸡表观代谢能的影响及替代玉米适宜比例的研究

本试验旨在研究肉鸡对生物秸秆的表观代谢能及其替代玉米的适宜比例.生物秸秆代谢能的测定试验选择24只42日龄健康的爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡,随机分为3个处理,每个处理8只鸡.处理1饲喂含8％生物秸秆的基础饲粮,处理2饲喂以30％的生物秸秆代替基础饲粮中能量饲料和蛋白质饲料的饲粮,处理3采用强饲法进行测定.生物秸秆代替玉米的试验选择150只42日龄健康的AA肉鸡,随机分为5个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复6只鸡.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中用4％、8％、12％生物秸秆代替玉米(代谢能按照差量法计算结果12.46 MJ/kg计)及8％生物秸秆代替玉米(代谢能按照强饲法计算结果5.30 MJ/kg计,添加豆油,使其代谢能水平与对照组相同).结果表明:1)基础饲粮的代谢能为12.63 MJ/kg,采用差量法推算出肉鸡对生物秸秆的表观代谢能为12.46 MJ/kg,而采用套算法和强饲法测定生物秸秆的表观代谢能分别为4.38和5.30 MJ/kg.2)与对照组相比,4％和8％的生物秸秆代替玉米组中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的代谢率显著升高(P＜0.05),而12％的生物秸秆代替玉米组表观能量的代谢率显著降低(P＜0.05).由此得出,套算法和强饲法低估了生物秸秆的表观代谢能,而差量法更能准确反映生物秸秆的表观代谢能;在肉鸡饲粮中生物秸秆可以替代4％ ～8％的玉米.     

低取代度糯玉米淀粉醋酸酯的制备

以糯玉米淀粉为原料,醋酸酐为乙酰化试剂,氢氧化钠为催化荆,硫酸钠为膨胀抑制荆,制备了低取代度糯玉米淀粉醋酸酯。考察了醋酸酐用量、膨胀抑制刺用量、pH值、反应温度、反应时间等因素对糯玉米淀粉醋酸酯乙酰基含量和反应效率的影响。试验结果表明,醋酸酐用量、硫酸钠用量、pH值、反应温度和反应时间对糯玉米淀粉醋酸酯的取代度有影响。通过试验得到制备低取代度糯玉米淀粉醋酸酯的较佳工艺条件为：pH值9．0,反应温度30℃,反应时间60min,硫酸钠用量2％（以淀粉干基质量计）。     

长乐市外来入侵植物与树种替代对策

采用踏查和标准地方法,调查长乐市不同生境的外来入侵植物种类组成、分布规律、主要危害,结果表明,长乐市已归化或逸生的外来入侵植物有46种,隶属23科43属,木本9种,藤本2种,草本35种。并探讨外来入侵植物清除方案和树种替代对策,以期为当地生物多样性保护及营造林生产提供参考。     

Utilizing Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines (CSSLs) for Evaluation of Root Responses to Transient Moisture Stresses in Rice

Abstract

Drought and waterlogging that occur sequentially under field conditions are important abiotic stresses affecting plant growth and development. The ability to maintain the root system development during the contrasting moisture stresses may be one of the key traits for plant adaptation. This study aimed to identify the key root traits that contributed to the above ability by comparatively examining the effects of the two moisture stresses in succession on root system development. The chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) from the crosses between the japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare and indica rice cultivar Kasalath were used for precise comparison of root system development. The rice seedlings were grown by hydroponics under a continuously well-aerated condition for 14 days (non-stressed), a drought condition for 7 days followed by an oxygen (O₂)-deficient (stagnant) condition for 7 days (drought-to-stagnant, D-S), or a stagnant condition for 7 days followed by drought condition for 7 days (stagnant-to-drought, S-D). CSSL43 and 47 did not show any significant differences in growth from Nipponbare under the non-stressed condition, but exhibited greater lateral root production under the stresses. Lateral root production was most closely related to faster seminal root elongation mediated by higher aerenchyma formation in the D-S condition, and to more branching of lateral roots on the seminal root axis in the S-D condition. The D-S condition severely affected lateral root production due to reduced seminal root elongation and aerenchyma formation. These results confirmed the fact that those root traits previously identified using different cultivars greatly contribute to plant adaptation. Oxygen deficiency preceded by drought (D-S) was more stressful to roots than drought preceded by O₂ deficiency (S-D), because drought reduced root aerenchyma formation during the subsequent stagnant condition.     

Confirmation of Novel Quantitative Trait Loci for Seed Dormancy at Different Ripening Stages in Rice

Seed dormancy contributes resistance to pre-harvest sprouting.Effects on respective quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for dormancy should be assessed by using fresh seeds before germinability altered through storage.We investigated QTLs related to seed dormancy using backcross inbred lines derived from a cross between Nipponbare and Kasalath.Four putative QTLs for seed dormancy were detected immediately after harvest using composite interval mapping.These putative QTLs were mapped near C1488 on chromosome 3 (qSD-3.1),R2171 on chromosome 6 (qSD-6.1),R1245 on chromosome 7 (qSD-7.1) and C488 on chromosome 10 (qSD-10.1).Kasalath alleles promoted dormancy for qSD-3.1,qSD-6.1 and qSD-7.1,and the respective proportions of phenotypic variation explained by each QTL were 12.9%,9.3% and 8.1%.We evaluated the seed dormancy harvested at different ripening stages during seed development using chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) to confirm gene effects.The germination rates of CSSL27 and CSSL28 substituted with the region including qSD-6.1 were significantly lower than those of Nipponbare and other CSSLs at the late ripening stage.Therefore,qSD-6.1 is considered the most effective novel QTL for pre-harvest sprouting resistance among the QTLs detected in this study.     

秸秆热解多联产模式环境影响评价

为定量评价秸秆热解多联产工程的环境影响,借鉴生命周期评价方法,将秸秆热解多联产系统工程建设单元的物质和能量投入及其环境排放纳入系统边界,对年秸秆处理能力1.0×10~4 t的秸秆热解多联产系统的环境影响进行分析评价。结果表明,不考虑产出品的替代减排,该系统生命周期的环境影响综合指数为175.53。其中,工程建设单元、运行单元和产物利用单元的环境影响潜值分别占18.10%、78.75%和3.15%。钢材和PVC管等物料的环境排放合计占建设单元环境排放综合潜值的93.49%,电力消耗排放占运行单元环境排放综合潜值的93.86%。从资源替代角度看,秸秆燃气替代煤炭、秸秆炭和木醋液分别减施化肥和农药情景下,该项目功能单位的环境影响综合指数为-496.86。秸秆热解多联产系统通过资源替代可有效减少环境排放,具有良好的环境减排效应。在未来秸秆热解多联产系统建设过程中,应选择低碳环保的建筑材料,降低运行电耗。     

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Drought Tolerant and Susceptible Rice Genotypes Using Microsatellite Markers

The introgression of wild chromosomal segments into popular rice varieties is one of the potential approaches for developing varieties for drought stress condition. Sixteen genotypes, including nine indica, two tropical japonica and five chromosome segments substitution lines(CSSLs) with different levels of tolerance/susceptibility to drought stress, were selected for diversity study. Sixty-three microsatellite markers were utilized for assessing genetic diversity. A total of 95 alleles were amplified, and out of them, 60 were polymorphic. Six unique alleles, amplified by the microsatellite loci RM276, RM472,RM488, RM537, RM541 and RM28089, were identified in six genotypes, namely FR13A, Brahamanakhi,RUF44, Swarna-sub1, Brahamanakhi and Satyabhama. The highest genetic similarity was found among CSSLs. Polymorphism information content(PIC) value varied from 0 to 1.00 with an average of 0.66 per locus. Twenty-eight microsatellites were found to be polymorphic, which could be used in marker-assisted selection programme. All the sixteen genotypes were grouped into two major clusters at genetic similarity of 0.64. In the cluster I, five CSSLs identified as diverse genotypes had wild ancestor segments responsible for drought tolerance, and hence they could be utilized as potential donors. The popular Indian varieties, Swarna-sub1 and IR64-sub1, could be used as recurrent parents in the future breeding program for developing varieties for abiotic stresses such as submergence and drought.     

Cold temperature/Biodur®/S10/von Hagens'—Silicone plastination technique

Plastination is a late 20th century preservation methodology which replaces tissue fluid within a specimen with a curable polymer, such as silicone. Plastination yields superb, beautiful, well‐preserved specimens each with their own unique qualities. Silicone polymer is used around the world to preserve macroscopic cadavers or portions/organs thereof. Plastination was conceived by Dr. Gunther von Hagens, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany prior to 1977. Silicone polymer was the primary polymer which emerged initially for plastination. The Biodur^® line of silicone polymer and additives was chosen and manufactured because it has consistently produced the best plastinates since the inception of plastination. Since the discovery of silicone, generic and similar silicone polymers are known and used around the World by many industries and used in numerous products. The plastination process has four steps: Specimen preparation, Specimen dehydration and degreasing, Vacuum‐forced impregnation of specimens and Specimen hardening.     

Genetic control of the long glume phenotype in tetraploid wheat by homoeologous chromosomes

The Ispahan emmer wheat, Triticum ispahanicum Heslot, was discovered in Iran 1957 by the French expedition of Vinnot- Bourgen. T. ispahanicum has a long glume and a more slender spike than T. turgidum var. polonicum. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the inheritance and chromosomal location of the gene for long glume, P2, from T. ispahanicum using the near- isogenic line P2-LD222, and (2) to compare the effects of the genes for long glume. The gene for long glume, P2, was located approximately 36.5 cM from the cn-B1 locus, which controls the chlorina trait and approximately 40 cM from the centromere on the long arm of 7B. The location of P2 approximately 29.6 cM from the Pc locus produced additional evidence that the order of loci was cn-B1, P2, and Pc. This raises the possibility of a paralogous gene set conditioning long glumes. A significant deviation from a 3:1 ratio in the F2 of LDN 7D(7B)/P2-LD222 confirmed the location of P2 on chromosome 7B. It is proposed that T. ispahanicum originated as a mutation of a gene affecting glume length on chromosome 7B of T. dicoccum, a spelt type of cultivated tetraploid wheat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Molecular cytogenetic identification of wheat-Elymus tsukushiense introgression lines

Elymus tsukushiense Honda (syn. Roegneria kamoji C. Koch) (2n = 6x = 42, S^tsS^tsH^tsH^tsY^tsY^ts) is a hexaploid species, distantly related to bread wheat Triticum aestivum L. em Thell (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD). Apart from the delineation of evolutionary relationships, this species is a potential source of resistance to scab, a devastating disease of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum Schw. A standard C-banded karyotype was established identifying all 21 chromosome pairs of E. tsukushiense. By using C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization analyses, three wheat-E. tsukushiense chromosome addition lines, one ditelosomic addition line, and one disomic substitution line were identified in BC₂ progenies from wheat × E. tsukushiense hybrids. Twenty DNA markers specific for the seven homoeologous groups of the Triticeae were used to determine the homoeology of the added E. tsukushiense chromosomes. The E. tsukushiense chromosomes in the addition lines NAU702, NAU703, and NAU701 were identified as belonging to homoeologous groups 1, 3, and 5, and thus, were designated as 1Ets#1, 3Ets#1, and 5Ets#1, respectively. NAU751 was identified as a disomic substitution line with chromosome 3A of wheat replaced by chromosome 3Ets#1. Line NAU702 has a high level of resistance to scab and will be used in chromosomal engineering and development of improved wheat germplasm for scab resistance breeding. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.