Detection of additive and additive×environment interaction effects of QTLs for yield‐component traits of rice using single‐segment substitution lines (SSSLs)

Additive effects (A) and additive‐by‐environment interactions (A×E) for five rice yield components were analysed using 20 SSSLs under mixed linear model methodology. Thirty‐one QTLs were detected. Different yield components have different QTL‐by‐environment (Q×E) interaction patterns. No A×E interaction effects were detected for the four QTLs for panicle number (PN). Four QTLs detected for spikelets per panicle (SPP) had A×E interactions. Five of seven QTLs detected for grains per panicle (GPP), two of 10 QTLs detected for 1000‐grains weight (GWT) and three of six QTLs detected for seed set ratio (SSR) showed significant A×E interaction. Most of these QTLs were distributed in clusters across the genome. The complexity of linkage and pleiotropy of these QTLs plus environmental effect may result in the diversity of the yield phenotype in the SSSLs. Only S19 exhibited a significant increase in yield with a predicted gain by 281.58 kg ha^?1. The results may be useful to design a better breeding strategy that takes advantage of QTL‐by‐environment interaction effects in each of the SSSLs.     

不同施肥模式对马铃薯光合特性及产量品质的影响

为解决晋北地区马铃薯生产化肥施用过量的问题,基于3年定位施肥试验,设置无施肥对照处理(CK)、常规施肥处理(CF)和等氮30%有机替代处理(CM)3种不同施肥模式对马铃薯光合特性、产量构成和薯块品质影响进行了研究。结果表明:1)各处理马铃薯相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)和净光合速率(Pn)均随马铃薯生育进程的推进而降低,SPAD和Pn在各个阶段均表现为CM>CF>CK;气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)各阶段表现不同,但在生长后期CM处理各项光合指标均优于CF和CK处理;2)相比CK处理,CF和CM处理折合产量分别增产13.4%和16.6%,CF和CM处理商品薯率分别提高2.32%和1.46%;3)相比CK处理,CF和CM处理均可增加薯块中淀粉含量,降低还原糖和水分含量,CM处理对蛋白质含量有显著提升作用。综上,等氮30%有机替代施肥模式能够增加马铃薯叶片叶绿素含量,提高叶片净光合速率,改善马铃薯生长后期光合特性,有效延长叶片光合功能期,促进马铃薯产量提升并增加薯块蛋白质含量,相比常规施肥模式更适合晋北地区马铃薯种植。     

利用染色体片段置换系定位水稻芽期耐冷性QTL

以籼稻品种9311为受体、粳稻品种日本晴为供体构建的95个染色体片段置换系为材料,在5℃低温条件下进行芽期耐冷性鉴定。结果表明,6个置换系低温处理后的成苗率与受体亲本9311有一定差异,其耐冷性略强于9311。利用代换作图法共鉴定出4个与芽期耐冷性相关的QTL,分别位于水稻第5和第7染色体上。其中qCTB-5-1、qCTB-5-2和qCTB-5-3分别被定位在第5染色体RM267与RM1237、RM2422与RM6054及RM3321与RM1054之间遗传距离分别为21.3cM、27.4cM和12.7cM的置换片段上;qCTB-7被定位在第7染色体RM11-RM2752区间遗传距离为6.8cM的置换片段上。     

Utilizing Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines (CSSLs) for Evaluation of Root Responses to Transient Moisture Stresses in Rice

Abstract

Drought and waterlogging that occur sequentially under field conditions are important abiotic stresses affecting plant growth and development. The ability to maintain the root system development during the contrasting moisture stresses may be one of the key traits for plant adaptation. This study aimed to identify the key root traits that contributed to the above ability by comparatively examining the effects of the two moisture stresses in succession on root system development. The chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) from the crosses between the japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare and indica rice cultivar Kasalath were used for precise comparison of root system development. The rice seedlings were grown by hydroponics under a continuously well-aerated condition for 14 days (non-stressed), a drought condition for 7 days followed by an oxygen (O₂)-deficient (stagnant) condition for 7 days (drought-to-stagnant, D-S), or a stagnant condition for 7 days followed by drought condition for 7 days (stagnant-to-drought, S-D). CSSL43 and 47 did not show any significant differences in growth from Nipponbare under the non-stressed condition, but exhibited greater lateral root production under the stresses. Lateral root production was most closely related to faster seminal root elongation mediated by higher aerenchyma formation in the D-S condition, and to more branching of lateral roots on the seminal root axis in the S-D condition. The D-S condition severely affected lateral root production due to reduced seminal root elongation and aerenchyma formation. These results confirmed the fact that those root traits previously identified using different cultivars greatly contribute to plant adaptation. Oxygen deficiency preceded by drought (D-S) was more stressful to roots than drought preceded by O₂ deficiency (S-D), because drought reduced root aerenchyma formation during the subsequent stagnant condition.     

莰烯醛O-取代肟的合成及其抗肿瘤活性

以莰烯醛肟与卤代物为原料经亲核取代反应合成了9个未见报道的莰烯醛O-取代肟类化合物,分别为2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-苄基肟(2a)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-丁基肟(2b)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-氯丁基)肟(2c)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(3-溴苄基)肟(2d)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-叔丁基苄基)肟(2e)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-氯苄基)肟(2f)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-氰基苄基)肟(2g)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(2,6-二氯苄基)肟(2h)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(邻氟苄基)肟(2i)。利用FT-IR、GC-MS、1H NMR以及13C NMR对产物结构进行了表征。以化合物2a为例,探索了不同工艺条件对产物得率的影响,在甲苯为溶剂,n(莰烯醛肟)∶n(氯化苄)∶n(四丁基溴化铵)为1.0∶1.8∶0.08,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为20 h的最佳工艺条件下,产物的得率为84.1%。通过体外抗肿瘤活性测试,探讨了化合物2a^2i对肝癌细胞HepG2和人乳腺癌细胞MCF7的抑制作用,结果表明:化合物2b对HepG2细胞的抑制作用较好,其半数抑制浓度(IC 50)值为36.3μmol/L;化合物2d、2h、2i对MCF7有一定的抑制作用,其中化合物2h对MCF7的抑制作用较好,其IC50值为19.2μmol/L。     

秸秆热解多联产模式环境影响评价

为定量评价秸秆热解多联产工程的环境影响,借鉴生命周期评价方法,将秸秆热解多联产系统工程建设单元的物质和能量投入及其环境排放纳入系统边界,对年秸秆处理能力1.0×10~4 t的秸秆热解多联产系统的环境影响进行分析评价。结果表明,不考虑产出品的替代减排,该系统生命周期的环境影响综合指数为175.53。其中,工程建设单元、运行单元和产物利用单元的环境影响潜值分别占18.10%、78.75%和3.15%。钢材和PVC管等物料的环境排放合计占建设单元环境排放综合潜值的93.49%,电力消耗排放占运行单元环境排放综合潜值的93.86%。从资源替代角度看,秸秆燃气替代煤炭、秸秆炭和木醋液分别减施化肥和农药情景下,该项目功能单位的环境影响综合指数为-496.86。秸秆热解多联产系统通过资源替代可有效减少环境排放,具有良好的环境减排效应。在未来秸秆热解多联产系统建设过程中,应选择低碳环保的建筑材料,降低运行电耗。     

利用单片段代换系定位水稻粒形QTL

 【目的】水稻谷粒形状（粒长、粒宽和长宽比）是衡量稻米外观品质的重要指标之一，为更好地开展粒形分子育种，对水稻粒形QTL进行分子定位。【方法】以单片段代换系（SSSL）为材料构建分离群体，利用微卫星标记对控制水稻谷粒长和谷粒宽的2个粒形QTL进行分子定位。【结果】粒宽QTL Gw-8被定位于第8染色体长臂末端微卫星标记RM502与RM447之间, 遗传距离均为0.3 cM。在此基础上构建了覆盖Gw-8的物理图谱，RM502与RM447位于同一克隆AP005529，两者之间的物理距离为55.0 kb。粒长QTL gl-3被定位于第3染色体着丝粒附近的微卫星标记RM6146和PSM377之间，遗传距离分别为1.5 cM和11.0 cM。【结论】利用单片段代换系能准确地定位水稻粒形QTL，这两个粒形QTL的定位为其克隆及稻米外观品质的分子育种奠定了基础。     

高取代度魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯的干法制备

[目的]研究高取代度魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯的干法制备,为其多糖衍生物实际应用于絮凝、离子交换等领域提供参考。[方法]以细化的魔芋粉为原料,以NaH2PO4和Na2HPO4混合物为磷酸酯化试剂,在干法条件下,制备魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯,并采用正交试验法优化魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯最佳工艺。[结果]正交试验结果袁明,影响魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯取代度因素次序依次为磷酸盐用量〉反应温度〉反应时间〉磷酸盐配比〉催化剂用量〉pH值。制备高取代度魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯的最佳工艺条件：磷酸盐用量为3．50％,反应温度为170℃,反应时间为4h,NaH2PO4和Na2HPO4摩尔比为1：2,催化剂用量为3．00％,pH值为4．00;魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯取代度达0．17。[结论]该方法获得较高取代度的魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯可以应用于实际生产。     

聚砜的氯甲基化反应条件研究

以聚砜为原材料制备了氯甲基化聚砜,重点研究了无毒的三甲基氯硅烷与聚砜进行的氯甲基化过程,考察了反应条件对取代度的影响。通过红外光谱法与热重分析法表征了产物的化学结构与热稳定性。结果表明在选用极性较强的二氯甲烷为溶剂,35℃下反应60 h,PSF重复单元与SnCl4摩尔比为1:2时,氯甲基化取代度最高达到1.25 mmol/g。此实验方法取代度高,操作简便,成本较低,易在实验室进行。本研究对于革新氯甲基化聚砜的制备方法,促进功能高分子材料的发展具有重要的理论意义与参考价值。     

中国高粱细胞质对杂种一代的影响

采用中国高粱(麦茬)、迈罗及粒用草原1号三个不同细胞质的高粱雄性不育系,经过核置换,转育成为两套同核异质的6个高粱雄性不育系,并分别与同一个恢复系杂交得到两套共6个同核异质杂交种,以此为试材,观察了各个杂种一代的主要性状。结果表明,在生育天数、自交结实率、产量、千粒重、株高和叶片数等性状上,中国高粱细胞质与迈罗细胞质在相同的核背景下无显著差异。