Study on Clinical Efficacy of Oligosaccharide Sulfate and Dextran Sulfate Against Bovine Mastitis

In order to detect the clinical efficacy of oligosaccharide sulfate(DEAE) and dextran sulfate (DS-4000) against bovine mastitis,56 cows with bovine mastitis were divided into 5 groups (DEAE group,DS-4000 group,DEAE＋penicillin group,DS-4000＋penicillin group and penicillin group),and their breasts were perfusion with different drugs twice one day for 3 days.The effective rates of drugs were observed by clinic symptoms.Milk samples were collected before and after treatment of drugs,and the bacterial negative conversion rate of each group were detected by microbial examination.The results showed that total effective rates of 5 groups were 10.00%,20.00%,58.33%,75.00% and 50.00%,respectively,and the bacterial negative conversion rates were 0,12.50%,50.00%,54.55% and 44.44%,respectively.In conclusion,the curative efficiencies of the polysaccharides against bovine mastitis were weak,but it could be improved by combination with penicillin.     

Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria Causing Dairy Cow Mastitis in Liaoning and Drug Sensibility Test of Pathogenic E.coli

In order to understand the main bacterial pathogen species causing dairy cow mastitis in Liaoning, as well as the characteristics of drug sensitivity of the pathogenic E.coli,the milk samples from 75 dairy cows with clinical manifestations for mastitis in certain large-scale dairy farm in Liaoning were collected.The bacteria in milk were cultured and isolated with biochemical methods and in vitro drug sensitivity tests were processed with the isolated E.coli strains.The results showed that the main bacterial pathogen for dairy cow mastitis were E.coli（separation rate 58.7%),S.aureus（64.0%）and S.agalactiae（54.7%),and multiple infection including double and triple infection were identified.The drug sensitivity tests on the isolated E.coli indicated that the E.coli isolates were highly resistant to sulfonamides（resistance rate>85%）and chloramphenicol（resistance rate>30%),and they were relatively low resistant to ampicillin（9.5%),ciprofloxacin（9.5%),ceftiofur（7.1%）and ofloxacin（4.8%).The results was able to provide reliable theoretical basis for prevention and control of dairy cow mastitis in Liaoning area.     

甘肃省某奶牛场肠杆菌性乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为查明甘肃省某奶牛场发生临床型奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌并选择治疗用敏感药物,随机无菌采集了6份临床型病牛乳样和1份大罐乳样,采用划线分离、菌落形态观察、革兰染色镜检、生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析等方法进行细菌分离鉴定,同时采用K-B法测定主要分离菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性。结果表明,从临床型乳房炎乳样中分离鉴定出大肠埃希菌、芽胞杆菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(腐生葡萄球菌)3种细菌,其中大肠埃希菌的分离率最高,为66.67%;从大罐奶样中也分离出大肠埃希菌。药敏试验结果表明,大肠埃希菌对氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林、头孢噻吩、杆菌肽、红霉素均存在不同程度的耐药,耐药率为29%~100%;对诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考、头孢哌酮等药物敏感。说明此次牛场临床型乳房炎的主要病原菌是大肠埃希菌、葡萄球菌和芽胞杆菌,而且分离的大肠埃希菌具有多重耐药性。根据检测分析结果,给奶牛场提出针对性的防控措施,临床型乳房炎的发病率下降,病情得以控制。     

Risk factors associated with the incidence rate of clinical mastitis in smallholder dairy cows in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania

Smallholder dairy herds around the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania supply 86% of raw milk consumed by the city dwellers. Previous studies have indicated that clinical mastitis is an important disease affecting smallholder dairy cows and an 18-month questionnaire-based longitudinal field-study was conducted between July 2003 and March 2005 to elucidate risk factors associated with the incidence. A total of 6057 quarter-level observations from 317 lactating cows on 87 randomly selected smallholder dairy herds were analysed at the quarter and cow level using logistic and Poisson regression models, respectively. At the quarter level, the average incidence rate of clinical mastitis was 38.4 cases per 100 quarter-years at risk whereas at the cow level the incidence rate was 43.3 cases per 100 cow-years at risk. The incidence was significantly (P< or =0.001) associated with cow factors (body condition score, parity, stage of lactation, and udder consistency), housing (floor type) conditions and milking (cow and udder preparation) practices. It was concluded that the extrapolation of the classic ten-point mastitis control plan into smallholder dairy herds should be undertaken cautiously. An integrated approach to dairy extension should focus more on the creation of mastitis awareness among smallholder producers and on the improvement of animal nutrition and reproduction indices-factors that may also have a direct impact on milk yield.     

A framework for evaluation of on-farm mastitis diagnostics in Australia

Numerous culture-based diagnostics are available on the Australian and international markets for on-farm detection of bacterial pathogens in milk. Use of such diagnostics may provide an opportunity to improve the prudent use of antimicrobials in udder health management. Farms are low-resource settings in terms of diagnostic microbiology capacity. The World Health Organisation has identified criteria for the evaluation of diagnostic tests in low resource settings based on Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity, User-friendliness, being Rapid or Robust, Equipment-free and being Deliverable (ASSURED). Here, we review how those criteria can be interpreted in the context of microbiological diagnosis of mastitis pathogens, and how on-farm diagnostics that are currently available in Australia perform relative to ASSURED criteria. This evaluation identifies multiple trade-offs, both with regard to scientific criteria and with regards to convenience criteria. More importantly, the purpose of testing may differ between farms, and test performance should be evaluated relative to its intended use. The ability of on-farm mastitis diagnostics to inform mastitis treatment decision-making in a timely and cost-effective manner depends not just on test characteristics but also on farm-specific pathogen prevalence, and on the farm enterprise's priorities and the farm manager's potential courses of action. With most assay evaluations to date conducted in professional laboratories, there is a surprising dearth of information on how well any of the diagnostic tests perform on-farm and, indeed, of the on-farm decision-making processes that they aim to inform.     

奶牛乳铁蛋白基因PCR-RFLP与隐性乳房炎的相关性分析

采用CMT方法检测奶牛的乳房炎发病情况,筛选120头分别设为对照组(健康奶牛)、隐性乳房炎组(试验组),每组60头,用限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析技术,检测乳铁蛋白(Lf)基因启动子区域的RFLP多态性。结果表明:不同组别的奶牛Lf基因启动子区域存在RFLP多态性,说明该多态性与乳房炎存在一定关系。     

中草药对奶牛乳房炎病原菌的体外抑菌作用

[目的]寻找治疗奶牛乳房炎的新途径。[方法]选择常用7味中草药煎剂及5种复方制剂,采用试管二倍稀释法,对从患隐性乳房炎奶牛的乳汁中所分离的5种致病菌进行抑菌试验,并测定最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。[结果]结果表明:野菊花、黄连、大青叶、复方Ⅰ及复方Ⅴ对这5种病原菌均具有较强的体外抗菌活性。[结论]该研究为研制防治奶牛乳腺炎中草药制剂的科学组方提供了理论依据。     

Polysaccharide Nucleic Acid of Bacillus Calmette Guerin Modulates Th1/Th2 Cytokine Gene Expression in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mastitis in Rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in rats, the changes in the T helper type 1 (Th 1)/Th2 radio in mammary glands after an intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to characterize the moderating effects of the polysaecharide nucleic acid of Bacillus Calraette Guerin (BCG-PSN) on the mammary gland. In the control group, the levels of IL-2 and INF-γ, mRNA expression increased, whereas IL-4 mRNA expression decreased after LPS challenge. As a consequence, the INF-γ/IL-4 mRNA ratio was significantly higher at 3, 6, and 9 h post-infusion (PI) compared to the control value (O h; P<0.01).BCG-PSN increased mRNA expression of both INF-γ' and IL-4 before infusion of LPS. LPS challenge significantly the reduced Th1/Th2 eytokine ratio due to Th1 cytokine IFN-γ suppression and Th2 cytokine IL-4 upregulation compared with the control group. A significant reduction ofN-acety1-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) was observed at 24 h PI in the BCG-PSN treatment group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Thus, it was demonstrated that level of BCG-PSN might change the Th1/Th2 ratio mainly by enhancing the Th2 immune response. This is the first report of a Th1/Th2 change induced by coliform mastitis and characterization of the effect of BCG-PSN on mammary gland inflammation. This study makes a better understanding of the mechanisms of coliform mastitis and provides a putative novel strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of mastitis.     

恩诺沙星及其代谢产物在奶牛乳中的消除规律

 【目的】研究乳房炎奶牛单剂量乳房灌注1%恩诺沙星（50 ml/头）后乳中药物浓度的变化规律。【方法】采用HPLC法测定乳中恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星的浓度,用统计矩原理处理药物浓度—时间数据。【结果】在给药区恩诺沙星和代谢产物环丙沙星均于给药后2ｈ左右乳中浓度达到最高值,分别为（13.16±3.10）μg?ml-1和（2.79±0.94）μg?ml-1,然后逐渐下降;12 ｈ后检测不到恩诺沙星,24 ｈ已检测不到环丙沙星。对于非给药区,恩诺沙星给药后1ｈ左右乳中浓度达到最高值（0.19±0.02）μg?ml-1,然后逐渐下降;6 ｈ后检测不到恩诺沙星,而代谢产物环丙沙星于给药后4 ｈ乳药浓度可达最高峰（0.51±0.07）μg?ml-1,24 ｈ已检测不到乳药浓度。给药区代谢物环丙沙星的消除半衰期较恩诺沙星长,平均为（1.67±0.20）h,平均滞留时间（MRT）亦长。在本试验条件下,建议临床休药期不少于3 d。【结论】恩诺沙星吸收较迅速 ,代谢较快、清除较快 ,表明恩诺沙星与环丙沙星在乳中不会形成残留。