Cultivar placement affects pollination efficiency and fruit production in European pear (Pyrus communis) orchards

European pear (Pyrus communis) requires insect pollination among compatible cultivars for fruit production. However, most commercial orchards have a limited number of cultivars arranged in monotypic blocks or rows. This can result in insufficient inter-cultivar pollination. We hypothesise that limitations in pollen transfer among cultivars could be explained by both insect behaviour and orchard design. We compared insect activity and pollination efficiency in two European pear cultivars, in orchards with different designs: (i) cultivars alternated in the same row or (ii) cultivars in separate rows. To assess limitations in pollen transfer, we also compared hand pollination with compatible pollen versus open pollination by insects. Insect visitors mainly foraged on neighbouring trees within a row, with few movements across rows (1%). Honey bees (Apis mellifera) and bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) visited significantly more flowers per tree (8.5 vs. 3) and more trees (2.1 vs. 1.3) than solitary bees (Andrena spp.) and hoverflies. Insect visitors deposited large amounts of pollen (∼500 pollen grains) on flower stigmas regardless of the insect type. Cultivar placement affected inter-cultivar pollination; less incompatibility signs were observed when cultivars alternated in the same row (5%) than when cultivars were in separate rows (38%). We observed limitations in pollen transfer as open pollination resulted in significant reduced fruit set, compared with hand pollination, in ‘Conférence’ (21% vs. 30.7%) and ‘Doyenné du Comice’ (7.2% vs. 16.8%). The foraging behaviour of the insects limited thus inter-cultivar pollen transfer in the orchards with cultivars in separate rows. Cultivars used for pollination (pollinizers) should be planted in the same rows as the main cultivar to increase inter-cultivar pollination.     

野生蜜蜂的人工巢箱设计和应用研究现状

野生蜜蜂是自然环境中野生植物和农作物的重要传粉昆虫,是维持自然生态系统和农业生态系统健康的保障。在自然环境中,野生蜜蜂一般在树洞、地下、植物茎秆、石头缝隙等地方筑巢,因筑巢场所隐蔽,发现、研究和保护野生蜜蜂较为困难。人工巢箱又称“蜜蜂公寓”,是根据野生蜜蜂的筑巢特点和筑巢材料人为设计而成,是目前监测、利用和保护野生蜜蜂资源的主要方法。笔者针对人工巢箱的设计思路、制作材料、结构搭配、应用领域等进行综述并提出建议,旨在为今后的昆虫学研究方法提供参考依据。     

The effects of insect pollination on canola (Brassica napus L. cv. O.A.C. Triton) seed germination

Summary The presence of pollinators, e.g. honey bees, on canola (cv. O.A.C Triton) increases the germinability of resulting seeds from 83% to 96%.     

中蜂工蜂巢房大小对其体重影响

为了探究蜜蜂在相同遗传背景下,不同大小的巢房对蜜蜂体重的影响。本试验在中蜂蜂群内加入西方蜜蜂巢础,让蜂群自行建造,当改造好的蜂脾有大量封盖子脾时,放置于人工气候箱内孵化,出房后开始大量标记蜜蜂,按照相应的日龄采集蜜蜂称重,每群15只。结果表明:与自然建造中蜂蜂群相比,中蜂使用意蜂巢础后,不同日龄工蜂体重差异显著增加。这为进一步研究不同巢房大小对蜜蜂形态特征影响及产蜜量的影响提供理论基础。     

农户对蜜蜂授粉价值的认知——基于福建省6市194户农户调查的实证分析

中国蜜蜂授粉产生的价值达3042.21亿元,农户是授粉的主要服务对象,为了全面了解农户对蜜蜂和蜜蜂授粉价值的认真情况,对福建省的6个市194户农户进行了调查。依据调查数据,对农户关于蜜蜂、蜜蜂授粉价值、租蜂授粉和蜜蜂保护的认知情况进行了具体分析。研究表明,78.87%的农户认识到蜜蜂授粉能够增加农作物产量,62.37%的农户将蜜蜂授粉看作是像化肥农药一样的必要农业投入,68.04%的农户认为政府应该开展蜜蜂资源保护工程并愿意为此支付一定的费用。但只有16.49%的农户打算在农业生产中租蜂授粉并为此支付一定的费用。蜜蜂授粉事业发展政府应该起主导作用,结尾有针对性地提出了扶持养蜂合作组织、统一租蜂等建议措施。     

油茶引蜂与人工授粉丰产研究

[目的]研究7种处理(含对照)对提高油茶座果率的效果,以筛选出最有效的方法,促进油茶丰产稳产。[方法]分析直接授粉、雄蕊花粉加清水5 kg、白糖0.25 kg加雄蕊花粉适量加清水5 kg、白糖0.4 kg加清水5 kg、蜂蜜0.25 kg加雄蕊花粉适量加清水5 kg、蜂蜜0.4 kg加清水5 kg、对照(自然授粉)对提高油茶座果率的效果。[结果]白糖0.4 kg加清水5 kg处理的平均座果率达97.1%,蜂蜜0.4 kg加清水5 kg处理的平均座果率达94.7%,这2个处理效果明显;雄蕊花粉加清水5 kg、白糖0.25 kg加雄蕊花粉适量加清水5 kg、蜂蜜0.25 kg加雄蕊花粉适量加清水,这3个处理的平均座果率在81.2%～86.2%间,与对照相比,效果不明显。[结论]在油茶开花授粉期,采用白糖0.4 kg加清水5 kg、蜂蜜0.4 kg加清水5 kg这2种方法喷树冠对提高油茶座果率有显著效果。     

海南五指山区茶树蜂花粉成分分析研究

对五指山区茶树蜂花粉的主要成分进行了测定。测定结果 :总氨基酸含量 12 6 7% ,蛋白质 14 5 83% ,脂肪 1 75 % ,还原糖 2 5 2 % ,蔗糖 9 6 % ,维生素C 18 97mg 10 0g ,AAS 10 4 99。结果表明 ,海南茶树蜂花粉具有明显的低脂、低糖、富含维生素C、高AAS的特点 ,是一种优良的蛋白质营养源和保健品     

杂交棉制种研究与实践

经济有效地生产杂交种子，是生产上利用棉花杂种优势的前提条件之一，杂交棉制种包括人工辅助授粉和昆虫传粉两大类。概述了杂交棉不同育种途径的制种研究和生产实践，并就有关问题进行了讨论。     

熊蜂（Bombus spp.）的授粉特性及其人工饲养

本文通过对Bombus lucorum和Bombus terrestris两个熊蜂种的室内饲养及温室蔬菜授粉试验,分析了熊蜂的授粉特性、人工饲养技巧和应用前景.     

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Lepidotrigona flavibasis (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) and High Gene Rearrangement in Lepidotrigona Mitogenomes

We reported the sequence and characteristics of the complete mitochondrial genome of an ecologically important stingless bee, Lepidotrigona flavibasis (Hymenoptera: Meliponini), that has suffered serious population declines in recent years. A phylogenetic analysis based on complete mitogenomes indicated that L. flavibasis was first clustered with another Lepidotrigona species (L. terminata) and then joined with the other two Melipona (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) stingless bees (M. scutellaris and M. bicolor), forming a single clade of stingless bees. The stingless bee clade has a closer relationship with bumblebees (Bombus) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) than with honeybees (Apis) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Extremely high gene rearrangements involving tRNAs, rRNAs, D-loop regions, and protein-coding genes were observed in the Lepidotrigona mitogenomes, suggesting an overactive evolutionary status in Lepidotrigona species. These mitogenomic organization variations could provide a good system with which to understand the evolutionary history of Meliponini.