中国主要蜜源作物上登记的农药品种及其中杀虫剂对蜜蜂的初级风险评估

对目前中国主要蜜源作物上登记的农药品种进行了梳理,并采用现有的风险评估标准方法,对其中毒死蜱、吡虫啉等共61种杀虫剂对蜜蜂的风险进行了初级评估。结果表明:在58种喷雾施用的杀虫剂中,35种对蜜蜂的风险商值均大于1,风险为不可接受;其余23种的风险商值小于1,风险为可接受;所评估的6种土壤或种子处理内吸性杀虫剂中,5种对蜜蜂的风险商值大于1,风险为不可接受,仅氯虫苯甲酰胺的风险商值小于1,风险为可接受。但由于文中是以药剂在所登记作物上的单次最高施药剂量为暴露量进行的初级评估,并未考虑农药在花粉、花蜜中的降解及降雨引起的淋洗损耗,以及施药时间与作物花期之间的关系等影响因素,因而使得评估结果具有较大的保守性。研究结果一方面可为这些农药的合理使用和管理提供参考,另一方面提示了目前中国关于农药对蜜蜂的初级风险评估程序需进一步优化。     

Risk assessment for honey bees and pesticides—recent developments and ‘new issues’

In 2008, major areas of discussion at the ICPBR Bee Protection Group meeting were the development of a honey bee risk assessment scheme for systemic pesticides and revision of the test guidelines for semi‐field and field studies. The risk assessment scheme for systemic pesticides is based on analysis of conditions for exposure of bees to residues. These are based on a stepwise approach, starting with simple calculations based on existing data in dossiers and progressing to higher‐tier semi‐field and field studies (the guidelines for these have been modified in line with this). The proposed scheme has been tested with data packages of high‐ and low‐risk PPPs. A future area of interest for the group may be the risks posed by guttation fluid containing systemic pesticides. A recent paper on ‘Translocation of neonicotinoid insecticides from coated seeds to seedling guttation drops: a novel way of intoxication for bees’ has focused significant interest on the possible risks posed by the presence of residues of systemic pesticides in guttation fluid to water‐collecting honey bees. The occurrence of guttation and the presence of pesticide residues in the fluid are discussed, together with remaining questions that will need to be addressed in answering whether such a route of exposure may pose a risk to honey bees. © Crown copyright 2010. Reproduced with permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.     

贵州仁怀斯氏蜜蜂茧蜂研究

调查发现,在贵州仁怀野外常有斯氏蜜蜂茧蜂快速攻击野生和家养中蜂,并在中蜂体内产卵,中蜂返巢后,体内已有斯氏蜜蜂茧蜂的卵.观察发现,斯氏蜜蜂茧蜂可在野生和家养中蜂巢内完成世代发育.对贵州仁怀斯氏蜜蜂茧蜂(标本)与印度产斯氏蜜蜂茧蜂(电镜照片)形态进行比较,发现并无形态上的差异.由于中蜂起源于中国西南地区,估计印度北部的斯...     

云南云贵高原中蜂与滇南中蜂形态学初探

为了研究云贵高原中蜂与滇南中蜂在形态学上的差异,对云南省各地的中蜂样本进行了形态测定分析。38个形态特征的测定结果表明滇南中蜂比云贵高原中蜂颜色较浅,体型相对较小;聚类分析得出：北回归线以南地区主要是滇南中蜂的分布区,北回归线以北地区主要是云贵高原中蜂的分布区。由此可知,北回归线对滇南中蜂和云贵高原中蜂划分具有重要的地理分隔意义,为深入系统的研究两个地方品种提供了重要的参考价值。     

阿维菌素及其混配制剂对蜜蜂的安全性评价

为明确阿维菌素及其混剂对蜜蜂的毒性,采用摄入法和接触法测定了阿维菌素及其5种混配制剂对意大利成年工蜂的毒性。结果表明:摄入法测定,10%阿维菌素·哒螨灵微乳剂、15%阿·丁硫微乳剂、1.8%阿维菌素水乳剂、1.7%吡虫啉·阿维菌素微乳剂、30.3%炔螨特·阿维菌素水乳剂、5%阿维菌素·高效氯氰菊酯泡滕片剂,对蜜蜂LC50分别为3.20×10-1、9.00×10-2、4.91、1.79、16.7、11.9mg·L-1。10%阿维菌素·哒螨灵微乳剂、15%阿丁硫微乳剂对蜜蜂摄入毒性为剧毒,其余为高毒;接触法测定,这6种药剂LD50分别为0.0157、0.0439、0.0378、0.0390、0.576、0.0683g·蜂-1,对蜜蜂的接触毒性均为高毒。     

美国和加拿大蜂群越冬损失情况及其原因

蜂群崩溃综合症（CCD）自2006年首次报道以来,引起欧关各界的广泛关注。受影响的蜂群大批工蜂不明原因突然消失,蜂群垮群,对北美洲的养蜂业造成严重影响。而北美洲蜂农所要面对的挑战并非仅仅是CCD,而是更为广义的蜂群损失,其中越冬期蜂群损失尤其严重。自2006年以来,美国和加拿大的越冬蜂群死亡率一直居高不下。基于此,简要介绍美国和加拿大近年来的越冬蜂群死亡情况,并分析了蜂群损失率高的一些可能原因。     

Modelling long-term effects of IGRs on honey bee colonies

Systems have been developed to monitor the direct effects of insect growth regulator (IGR) pesticide exposure on honey bee development, but there has been little work on the longer-term impact of exposure on the colony. A honey bee population model provided the opportunity to investigate the effects of short-term mortality of brood and of sublethal changes in behaviour of the surviving adults on honey bee populations. The model showed that brood mortality alone has limited effect on colony size. There were two mechanisms that could have greater influence on productivity. Precocious foraging in affected adult bees, and hence early loss of brood-rearing (nurse) capabilities, had a much larger effect than expected. Increasing mortality rates by 30% to simulate sublethal effects on lifespan, rather than reduced brood-rearing capability, gave a significantly smaller effect. In order to simulate an effect with the 'shortened lifespan' mechanism as large as that with the 'premature ageing' mechanism, the mortality rate of affected adults had to be increased by 500%. A significant finding from the model is that application of IGRs in spring and early summer could have substantial effects on colony size and viability. Sublethal effects such as precocious foraging can have worse effects than massive brood mortality, as it severely reduces the ability to rear the next generation of nurse bees.     

冷暖分区饲养法在蜂群春季管理中的应用

春季管理是养蜂生产的关键环节,也是蜂群发展最困难的阶段,因此受到广泛关注.分析春季繁殖的条件、蜂群的生物学特征和快速繁殖所需的条件,结合春季繁殖阶段的管理任务,综述冷暖分区饲养法在春季繁殖中的应用,旨在能够更好地完善和推广此项技术,为模式化养蜂技术的发展奠定基础.     

培育适龄越冬蜂的试验与研究

本试验研究了适龄越冬蜂和幽王断子对蜂群越冬和春季繁殖与生产效果的影响。三个阶段的试验结果表明 :试验组比对照组 (A∶B、C∶D、E∶F)越冬蜂损失率分别低 2 3.2 %(p <0 .0 5 )、6 .3%(p <0 .0 5 )、37.6 %(p <0 .0 1) ,框均耗糖量分别低 0 .0 9kg(p>0 .0 5 )、0 .0 5kg(p<0 .0 5 )、0 .34kg(p <0 .0 5 ) ,越冬效果好 ;春季繁殖速度分别快 2 4.5 %(P <0 .0 5 )、16 .1%(P <0 .0 5 )、37.4%(P <0 .0 1) ,恢复期短 ;油菜、刺槐花期蜂蜜群均产量分别高 16 .4kg(P <0 .0 5 )、8.5kg(p <0 .0 5 )、2 3.2kg(p <0 .0 1) ,王浆群均产量分别高 99.8± 10 .2g(p<0 .0 5 )、81.4± 7.1g(p <0 .0 5 )、2 72 .0± 2 2 .7g(p <0 .0 1) ,质量好。适龄越冬蜂是蜂群安全越冬和第二年春季繁殖与生产的基础 ,幽王断子是保持适龄越冬蜂数量和质量的技术措施 ;秋季培育适龄越冬蜂并适时幽王断子是定地饲养蜂群季节性管理中必须遵循的规律。     

产浆框两侧不同巢脾的排列对蜂王浆生产的影响

从产浆框上哺育蜂的分布、蜂王浆产量、幼虫接受率等方面研究产浆框两侧不同巢脾的排列对产浆的影响,试验证明:在蜜粉源比较丰富、群势较强的条件下生产蜂王浆,产浆框两侧排列任何巢脾,对产浆框上哺育蜂的分布和幼虫接受率都基本无影响;产浆框两侧分别排列大幼虫脾、封盖子脾、蜜脾,粉脾、空脾,产浆量差异不显著(P>0.05);浆框两侧分别排列3种子脾,产浆量差异不显著(P>O.05),因此。在产浆过程中不必调整产浆框两侧巢脾,这对指导蜂王浆生产中产浆群的管理,以及人工育王都具有很大的意义。