养殖刺参腐皮综合征 2 种致病菌间接荧光抗体快速检测方法

以养殖刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)腐皮综合征的2种致病菌:灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)和假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens)为抗原,分别制备兔抗血清。以载玻片为介质,建立了2种病原菌的间接荧光抗体检测技术(IFAT)。交叉反应、阻断试验和吸收试验结果均表明本方法特异性强。对人工感染实验中的养殖水体及发病刺参溃烂组织检测,可以检出水体和患病刺参溃烂组织中的相应病原菌,病原菌被染成明亮的黄绿色,检测灵敏度2.4×104cell/mL。冰冻切片检测结果显示,在刺参肿胀嘴部与溃烂肌肉处有大量染成黄绿色的细菌颗粒。结果表明:采用IFAT可以对刺参腐皮综合征2种致病菌进行准确快速的检测。该方法的建立对刺参腐皮综合征的流行病学调查及快速诊断具有重要意义。     

Outbreaks of ulcerative disease associated with ranavirus infection in barcoo grunter,Scortum barcoo (McCulloch & Waite)

In 2013, an outbreak of ulcerative disease associated with ranavirus infection occurred in barcoo grunter, Scortum barcoo (McCulloch & Waite), farms in Thailand. Affected fish exhibited extensive haemorrhage and ulceration on skin and muscle. Microscopically, the widespread haemorrhagic ulceration and necrosis were noted in gill, spleen and kidney with the presence of intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies. When healthy barcoo grunter were experimentally challenged via intraperitoneal and oral modes with homogenized tissue of naturally infected fish, gross and microscopic lesions occurred with a cumulative mortality of 70–90%. Both naturally and experimentally infected fish yielded positive results to the ranavirus‐specific PCR. The full‐length nucleotide sequences of major capsid protein gene of ranaviral isolates were similar to largemouth bass virus (LMBV) and identical to largemouth bass ulcerative syndrome virus (LBUSV), previously reported in farmed largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides L.), which also produced lethal ulcerative skin lesions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a LMBV‐like infection associated with skin lesions in barcoo grunter, adding to the known examples of ranavirus infection associated with skin ulceration in fish.     

蓝点马鲛鱼皮抗氧化肽FractionⅡ对D-Gal诱导氧化损伤大鼠肝脏的保护作用

研究蓝点马鲛鱼皮抗氧化肽FractionⅡ(1~4 ku)对氧化损伤Wistar大鼠肝脏的保护作用。采用D-半乳糖(D-gal)建立衰老模型,实验大鼠随机分为6组:空白对照组;D-Gal模型阴性对照组;D-Gal+维生素E(VE)阳性对照组;抗氧化肽低、中、高剂量组。通过检测血清中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和单胺氧化酶(MAO)活性及肝组织匀浆液中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)含量和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),并结合组织形态学来评价FractionⅡ对氧化损伤肝脏的作用效果。结果显示,与阴性对照相比,各剂量组的FractionⅡ能够显著降低大鼠血清中的AST和ALT活性,提高肝脏组织的SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性和T-AOC能力,降低MDA和NO含量及MAO水平,并成一定的量效依赖关系。其中效果较好的高剂量(200 mg/kg)多肽处理组SOD、GSH-Px活性分别为236.27、182.23 U/mg蛋白,达到了正常对照及阳性对照组水平;AST、ALT分别降低至302.47和220.43 U/L,MDA含量降低至138.83 nmol/mg蛋白,也达到正常对照组水平。H.E.染色结果也证实,FractionⅡ在保护肝细胞完整性、维持结构清晰、抑制坏死等方面都有一定的效果。研究表明,蓝点马鲛鱼皮抗氧化肽FractionⅡ对D-Gal诱导的氧化损伤大鼠肝脏具有较好的保护作用。     

Purification and Structural Aspects of Type I Collagen from Walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) Skin

Type I collagen was extracted from walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) skin and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography and gel filtration chromatography with Sephacryl S-300 HR. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra and X-ray diffraction pattern showed the existence of a helical arrangement, with the distance between the molecular chains of 1.18 nm and the unit height, typical of the triple helix, of 0.27 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the collagen had a filamentary structure. Peptide mapping, obtained by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), indicated that peptides with the molecular weight of 1,470, 1,565, 1,570, 2,150, and 2,470 Da were the major products of trypsin digestion of pollock skin collagen.     

Evaluation of antibacterial activity and innate immune components in skin mucus of Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala

The present work has been undertaken to analyse the antibacterial activity and innate immune components in the skin mucus of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala. Skin mucus was extracted separately in triple‐distilled water (TDW), 3% acetic acid (3% AA) or 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (1% TFA). All mucus extracts exhibited different spectrum of the antibacterial activity against different groups of pathogenic bacteria. Protein profiling by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a series of protein bands in the TDW extract, four major protein bands in the AA extract and two protein bands in the TFA extract. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis of distinct protein bands identified potential innate immune factors – histone H2A, histone H3, histone H4, haemoglobin, cofilin and nucleoside diphosphate kinase in the TDW extract, and ubiquitin and histone H2B isoforms in acidic extracts of skin mucus of C. mrigala. The presence of these innate immune molecules suggests that skin mucus play an important role in the protection of the fish against microbial invasion.     

Production and Characterization of Antioxidant Properties of Exopolysaccharide(s) from Peanibacillus mucilaginosus TKU032

Natural polysaccharides have received much attention due to their wide range of applications. Although most microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) use sugars as the major carbon source, such as glucose or sucrose, in this study, EPSs were induced from a squid pen powder (SPP)-containing medium by Paenibacillus mucilaginosus TKU032, a bacterial strain isolated from Taiwanese soil. Under the optimal culture conditions, the maximum EPS yield (14.8 g/L) was obtained. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of an EPS fraction purified by gel filtration revealed two mass peaks with molecular weights of ∼1.05 × 10⁴ and ∼1.35 × 10⁴ Da, respectively. The analysis of the hydrolysates of TKU032 EPS with cellulase, pectinase or α-amylase indicated that the glycosidic bond of TKU032 EPS is most likely an α-1,4 glycosidic bond and the hydrolysates are similar to those of starch. In addition, the purified EPS demonstrated strong antioxidant abilities.     

Development and Characterization of VEGF165-Chitosan Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Radiation-Induced Skin Injury in Rats

Radiation-induced skin injury, which remains a serious concern in radiation therapy, is currently believed to be the result of vascular endothelial cell injury and apoptosis. Here, we established a model of acute radiation-induced skin injury and compared the effect of different vascular growth factors on skin healing by observing the changes of microcirculation and cell apoptosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was more effective at inhibiting apoptosis and preventing injury progression than other factors. A new strategy for improving the bioavailability of vascular growth factors was developed by loading VEGF with chitosan nanoparticles. The VEGF-chitosan nanoparticles showed a protective effect on vascular endothelial cells, improved the local microcirculation, and delayed the development of radioactive skin damage.     

Purification of Antioxidant Peptides by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry from Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion Hydrolysates of Alaska Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) Skin Collagen

In this study, the stable collagen hydrolysate was prepared by alcalase hydrolysis and twice simulated gastrointestinal digestion from Alaska pollock skin. The characteristics of hydrolysates and antioxidant activities in vitro, including 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS^•+) scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and hydroxyl radical (OH·) scavenging activity, were determined. After twice simulated gastrointestinal digestion of skin collagen (SGI-2), the degree of hydrolysis (DH) reached 26.17%. The main molecular weight fractions of SGI-2 were 1026.26 and 640.53 Da, accounting for 59.49% and 18.34%, respectively. Amino acid composition analysis showed that SGI-2 had high content of total hydrophobic amino acid (307.98/1000). With the simulated gastrointestinal digestion progressing, the antioxidant activities increased significantly (p < 0.05). SGI-2 was further purified by gel filtration chromatography, ion exchange chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, and the A_1a3c–p fraction with high hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 7.63 μg/mL) was obtained. The molecular weights and amino acid sequences of key peptides of A_1a3c–p were analyzed using high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) combined with de novo software and UniProt of MaxQuant software. Four peptides were identified from A_1a3c–p, including YGCC (444.1137 Da) and DSSCSG (554.1642 Da) identified by de novo software and NNAEYYK (900.3978 Da) and PAGNVR (612.3344 Da) identified by UniProt of MaxQuant software. The molecular weights and amino acid sequences of four peptides were in accordance with the features of antioxidant peptides. The results indicated that different peptides were identified by different data analysis software according to spectrometry mass data. Considering the complexity of LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, it was necessary to use the different methods to identify the key peptides from protein hydrolysates.     

六种鲽形目鱼类无眼侧头部皮肤形态特征与功能探讨

本研究采用扫描电镜方法首次对半滑舌鳎、大菱鲆等6种鲽形目鱼类无眼侧头部皮肤形态结构进行观察比较,以期获得与摄食行为等生态习性相关的新发现。结果显示,半滑舌鳎和塞内加尔鳎的无眼侧头部皮肤存在大量游离神经丘,但其形态特征存在差异。半滑舌鳎皮肤表面的游离神经丘类似于乳头状突起,突起上有表皮细胞形成的微脊,多个为一簇,很少单独存在,呈无规则排列;而塞内加尔鳎的游离神经丘直接裸露在皮肤表面,呈线性排列在肉芽状皮肤突起的下方。星突江鲽的头部无眼侧皮肤表面零散分布着多个为一簇的游离神经丘,形状类似于半滑舌鳎的乳头状游离神经丘。大菱鲆、黄盖鲽和条斑星鲽的头部无眼侧皮肤表面未发现游离神经丘等特殊结构,但其表面均凹凸不平。研究推测鲽形目鱼类头部无眼侧皮肤形态特征与其摄食习性密切相关;其头部无眼侧游离神经丘的分布特征与种群分类存在一定的相关性,可为物种的分类提供一定依据。     

山东省某规模化兔场皮肤真菌病的快速诊断

为了鉴定某规模化兔场发生皮肤真菌病的病原,并为家兔皮肤真菌病的快速检测提供一种分子生物学方法。根据皮肤真菌特异性rDNA序列设计通用引物(5′-CACCGCCCGTCGCTACTAC-3′和5′-TTTCGCT-GCGTTCTTCAT-3′),对已知分离株及其他微生物等进行特异性检测;应用该引物对所采取的种兔患部病料35份和临床健康种兔的样本5份,进行PCR检测并克隆测序。该引物对四种常见病原性皮肤真菌分离菌株扩增出一条在400bp-500bp之间的条带,其中红色毛癣菌和须癣毛癣菌为460bp,犬小孢子菌500bp,石膏样小孢子菌为400bp,但对其它微生物和兔体细胞均未扩增出类似片段,说明具有特异性;对临床35份病料中的33份均扩增出一条460bp条带,为毛癣菌属,与测序结果一致。健康种兔的样品未扩增出类似片段。本研究利用通用引物对家兔皮肤真菌病进行PCR检测并确定其主要病原,具有快速、简便和特异性强等特点,可用于大规模的家兔皮肤真菌病的诊断,并具有重要的公共卫生意义。