Extraction Optimization and Characterization of Gelatin from Half-Smooth Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther) Skin

Half-smooth tongue sole is a popular warm-water fish, and its skin may be an available resource for gelatin extraction. Response surface method was used to optimize the extraction of gelatin from the fish skin. The most suitable conditions for maximum gelatin yield (24.2%) were pretreatment with 1.9 g/L NaOH, followed by hot water extraction at 63.54ºC for 4.81 h. The obtained gelatin had a high imino acid content (185 residues/1,000 residues), with a high content of crude protein and low levels of ash, fat, and moisture. The predominant sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis bands revealed that the gelatin contained low-molecular-weight peptides, α-, β-, and γ chains. As compared with bovine gelatin, the fish skin gelatin solution had lower values of strength and clarity and higher levels of L* and viscosity. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared spectra showed that gel from the gelatin had four amide bands (amide A, amide I, amide II, and amide III) similar to commercial gelatin. The results suggest that half-smooth tongue sole skin could be a promising source of gelatin in view of the comparability between its gelatin and commercial gelatin in physicochemical properties.     

Effects of natural dietary carotenoids on skin coloration of false Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier, 1830)

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary natural carotenoid sources on skin colour enhancement of false clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris. The juvenile fish (initial body wt. 0.30 g) were fed with four experimental diets including (a) commercial feed (reference diet), (b) moist feed, (c) sweet potato (potato diet) and (d) dried gut weed Enteromorpha sp. (gut weed diet). Sweet potato and gut weed were used to boost up β‐carotene levels in the diets. There was no significant difference in final weight (0.51 ± 0.02 – 0.61 ± 0.01 g) and length (2.80 ± 0.02 cm) of fishes among treatments (p > 0.05) after 8 weeks. The survival rate of the fish in all dietary treatment was greater than 89%. Principal component analysis results showed that fish fed potato and gut weed diets performed brighter colour in skin with more orangeness, body and accumulated β‐carotene levels were higher than those fish fed with reference diet. Indicator a* value for the redness of fish fed potato diet (16.18 ± 0.59) and gut weed (14.36 ± 2.14) was also higher than fish fed reference diet (10.92 ± 0.82). The result of this study provided key information for developing dietary colour enhancement of ornamental fish by using cost‐effective feed ingredients (potato and gut weed) as natural supplemental carotenoid sources.     

The effect of supplementing diets with extracts derived from three different species of macroalgae on growth,thermal stress resistance,antioxidant enzyme activities and skin colour of electric yellow cichlid (Labidochromis caeruleus)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth, thermal stress resistance, antioxidant enzyme activities and skin colour of Labidochromis caeruleus (electric yellow cichlid) fed the diets supplemented with extracts derived from brown macroalga Sargassum boveanum, red macroalga Gracilaria persica and green macroalga Entromorpha intestinalis. One hundred and forty‐four fish were randomly distributed into 12 tanks and subjected to cold‐shock stress after 8 weeks of feeding the diets containing 1,000 mg extracts of macroalgae. Supplementation of fish diet with algal extracts led to improved growth performance (including higher final weight and weight gain) when compared to the control group, which was fed the non‐supplemented diet. The survival rate after cold‐shock stress was significantly higher in those fish fed the diets containing macroalgal extracts, especially E. intestinalis extract (75%). The superoxide dismutase activity in all dietary treatments was significantly lower than control, whereas no significant difference in the activities of catalase and lysozyme was observed among treatments. In addition, inclusion of macroalgal extracts in the diet resulted in higher a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values compared to the control group. These results suggest that macroalgal extracts, especially E. intestinalis extract, can be used as feed additive for increasing antioxidants capacities as well as enhancing pigmentation in electric yellow cichlid.     

北太平洋海区柔鱼生物学特征分析

本文根据1997年6～11月北太平洋柔鱼生物学特征分析:中部海区渔获胴体组成明显大于西部海区且主要由雌性柔鱼组成;不同月份钓获的雌、雄性柔鱼群体组成有较大的差异;两海区随着生产月份的延续,所渔获的柔鱼胴体范围有扩大的趋势;平均纯体重,雌性柔鱼占平均体重的82.51～84.79％,而雄性柔鱼占平均体重的83.88～85.60％;柔鱼的性腺发育程度随着生产月份的推迟,发育程度也越高,而在相同的月份雄性柔鱼发育程度较雌性柔鱼为高;柔鱼的摄食等级不论是雌鱼还是雄鱼,基本以1、2级为主,较高摄食等级的比例似有逐月下降的趋势;柔鱼的胃含物以鱼的鳞片等鱼的残余物出现率较高,头足类次之,尤其是摄食等级高的胃含物中头足类的比例较高。     

Effect of two extruded diets with different fish and squid meal ratio on growth,digestibility and body composition of Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797)

The present work studies the growth and body composition of 18 Octopus vulgaris (6 per treatment) fed two extruded diets, namely FMS and 3FMS, based on different fish and squid meal ratios (1:1, and 3:1 respectively). The diets are compared with a control diet based on crab (Carcinus mediterraneus) and bogue (Boops boops). The growing tests were conducted on animals placed in individual 300 L rectangular fibreglass tanks in an open seawater system, containing PVC tubes as shelters, resulting in 100% survival rate. The control group exhibited the highest specific growth rates (SGR = 2.14%BW day^?1), while values of around 0.69%BW day^?1 were achieved by octopuses fed the extruded diets. Even though the three groups of animals showed similar digestive gland indexes, the two extruded diets promoted significant differences in the muscle composition and fatness of the digestive gland. Digestibility of dry matter was not affected by the type of extruded diet, obtaining ADC values of around 88%. The results suggest that squid and fish meal can be both used in dry pelleted extruded diets, with moderate acceptance by the octopus, even though the formulation must be optimized with the aim of improving acceptability and achieve growths in the range of natural diets.     

黄瓤小西瓜品种雪峰小玉7号的选育

雪峰小玉7号是湖南省瓜类研究所以WE218为母本、ES206为父本配制而成的黑皮黄瓤小果型有籽西瓜新品种。春季露地栽培全生育期86d左右,果实发育期26d左右。植株生长势和抗病性强,易坐果。果实高球形,果皮墨绿底色覆深绿齿条带,厚约0.5cm。单果质量约2.5kg。瓜瓤黄色、质脆,口感风味好,中心可溶性固形物12%左右。667m2产量1500～3500kg。2005年2月通过湖南省农作物品种审定委员会审定,2007年通过全国西瓜甜瓜品种鉴定委员会鉴定,2008年分别通过北京市和江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定,2009年通过江西省农作物品种审定委员会审定。适宜于湖南、北京、江西、江苏及周边省份春秋露地和保护地栽培。     

红星苹果的自然降温碳分子筛气调贮藏

在15～0℃的缓慢自然降温的土窑洞和改良通风库条件下,利用碳分子筛气调机控制1%～5%O_2和1%～6%CO_2进行气调贮藏红星苹果,可以强烈地抑制果实组织中 ACC的转化和乙烯的生成,保持果实的品质,减少失重率,有效地控制虎皮病的发生,延长货架寿命。     

绿鳍马面鲀鱼皮蛋白抗氧化肽模拟胃肠消化制备

为研究绿鳍马面鲀鱼皮蛋白体外消化产物的抗氧化作用及相关特征,采用二酶三阶段体外模拟胃、肠消化过程,分析产物的抗氧化作用(还原力、·OH清除率、O-2·清除率、DPPH·清除率)和相关特征(游离氨基酸组成和含量、分子质量分布)。结果表明:绿鳍马面鲀鱼皮中富含29.6%的抗氧化特征氨基酸;底物质量浓度在8 mg/m L时,具有较高的抗氧化活性;抗氧化肽产生于模拟胃肠消化的十二指肠阶段,此时DPPH·清除率为83.29%;该阶段产物中游离氨基酸比原料中多出7种,各种游离氨基酸含量也明显增加;同时,产物中多肽分子量分布集中在200~5 000 Da,其中主要多肽的分子量为2 152 Da和1 352 Da。