Surface ozone concentrations and exposures during growing season at the Lithuanian rural site

The surface ozone (O₃) data show an increase by 2.6 % per year during the period 1982–1994 at the rural site of Lithuania. WHO (World Health Organization), UN-ECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe), CES (Commission of the European Communities) guideline values for the protection of vegetation from adverse effects are exceeded during the growing season at the Preila coastal station. Ozone exposures for different concentration threshold are estimated during daylight hours in April-September. These values above 60 g/m³ varied between 10 000 and 43 000 (g/m³) ·h, above 80 g/m³ — between 1700 and 15 000 (g/m³) ·h, above 100 g/m³ — between 130 and 3700 (g/m³) ·h during separate years. Maximum hourly ozone values were observed from 116 to 228 g/m³ during this period.     

Multi-scale optical flow estimation of the video based on gradient optimization

A new algorithm based on gradient optimization is proposed for optical flow estimation of video images with different motion ranges. The original video images are transformed by using Loggabor filtering on phases and measures,and then the spatio-temporal gradient is calculated by using the obtained feature images. The optical flow is calculated with the spatio-temporal gradient. The video images are layered and processed with coarse-to-fine image pyramid method. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the algorithm is suitable for the video optical flow motion estimation of the significant range. It can not only obtain the video images following the human visual resolution characteristics, but also optimize the spatio-temporal gradient, while the optical flow calculation is more accurate. Besides, the time complexity of this algorithm is equivalent to that of the traditional optical flow method, and the accuracy of the algorithm is superior to the methods suggested by Horn-Schunck, Duan,et al.     

棉株不同座果点纤维品质的时空分布

为了明确棉株不同座果点棉花纤维品质的差异及对品质贡献率的大小，于2000至2001年研究了不同座果点对品质的贡献率。结果表明，第二座果点棉铃对纤维品质的贡献率最大，达到38.31%，其次是第一座果点（31.81%），再次是第三座果点（29.88%）。确定了棉株65个座果点的品质特点，并以综合指标为尺度进行了聚类分析，结果表明，可将这些座果点分成差异明显的6大类，其中Ⅱ-Ⅴ类为优质类，Ⅰ类、Ⅵ类为较差类；就时间分布而言，7月20日以前（伏前桃）的纤维品质最差，贡献率仅16.38%，7月20日至8月20日（伏桃）的纤维品质最好，贡献率达35.36%，8月21日至9月10日（早秋桃）的品质贡献率为28.54%，而9月10日以后（晚秋桃）品质贡献率减少为19.72%。     

Demonstrating decline of an iconic species under sustained indigenous harvest – The pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta) in Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea has astonishing biological and cultural diversity which, coupled with a strong community reliance on the land and its biota for subsistence, add complexity to monitoring and conservation and in particular, the demonstration of declines in wildlife populations. Many species of concern are long-lived which provides additional challenges for conservation. We provide, for the first time, concrete evidence of a substantive decline in populations of the pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta); an important source of protein for local communities. Our study combined matched village and market surveys separated by 30 years, trends in nesting female size, and assessment of levels and efficacy of harvest, each of which was an essential ingredient to making a definitive assessment of population trends. Opportunities for an effective response by local communities to these declines needs to consider both conservation and fisheries perspectives because local communities consider the turtle a food resource, whereas the broader global community views it as a high priority for conservation. Our study in the Kikori region is representative of harvest regimes in most rivers within the range of the species in Papua New Guinea, and provides lessons for conservation of many other wildlife species subject to harvest.     

新疆近50年沙尘暴灾害变化趋势分析

采用新疆88个气象站近50年的气象资料,分析新疆沙尘暴时空分布特征、年际和年内演变趋势及年际演变的影响因素。结果显示：新疆沙尘暴近50年以来空间分布特征是南疆多于北疆,南疆多发时期4-10月,北疆多发时期3-9月;年际演变趋势20世纪80年代以来较60、70年代都有所减少;80年代以后虽然沙尘暴发生日数减少,但是沙尘暴...     

基于DPSIR模型的黄土高原生态敏感性演变格局及驱动力分析

摸清生态系统敏感性时空演变格局，对其驱动因素及未来发展趋势进行探测是修复和提高生态系统稳定性的重要内容。黄土高原是世界上水土流失最严重和生态环境最脆弱的地区之一，探究该地区生态敏感性时空演变特征及驱动因素，科学划分生态敏感性治理分区对于促进国家生态文明建设具有重要意义。基于“驱动-压力-状态-影响-响应”（driving-pressure-state-impact-response，DPSIR）框架，耦合空间距离指数和全排列多边形图示指标法构建生态敏感性指标体系，使用地理信息演变图谱和地理探测器研究黄土高原2000—2020年5个时间点生态敏感性时空格局和驱动力，最终划分生态敏感性治理分区。结果表明：1）研究期内黄土高原生态敏感性表现为西北高、东南低的分布特征，时间上先增加后下降。2）研究期内黄土高原生态敏感性转移类型以波动稳定型为主，生态改善区面积占比最大（35.17%），变化0次和1次的面积占比62.06%，生态环境演变稳定向好。3）生态敏感性的各驱动因素中，NDVI和降水量以及两者与其他因子的交互作用对于黄土高原生态敏感性具有明显的驱动作用。4）2030年低度敏感将成为黄土高原的主要敏感类型；沙地和农灌区以及黄土高塬沟壑区的中西部是生态敏感性治理的重点地区。整体来看，黄土高原生态环境有所好转，生态治理措施取得了积极成效，该研究可为黄土高原生态治理及高质量发展提供参考。     

Nematode diversity and distribution in the southern maritime Antarctic—clues to history?

Nematode worms are one of the most important soil faunal groups in Antarctica. However, relatively little is known about their wider distribution, biogeography and history in the region, and taxonomic information remains confused or incomplete. Here, we hypothesise that the Alexander Island (southern maritime Antarctic) fauna includes elements that have survived (at least) the period of Pleistocene glaciation in situ, forming a regional centre of endemism and biodiversity hotspot. We describe nematological surveys carried out across a latitudinal gradient between 68 and 77°S along the southern Antarctic Peninsula, comparing the data obtained with the maritime Antarctic fauna described in the few previous studies between northern Marguerite Bay and the South Orkney Islands (60-68°S). In general, our survey supports previous findings of a lack of overlap at species level between the maritime and continental Antarctic biogeographical zones, with the large majority of specimens obtained from all survey sites being attributable to known maritime or new and currently endemic taxa. However, collections from Alexander Island, Alamode Island and the most westerly site sampled, Charcot Island, include specimens morphologically very close to two known continental Antarctic species, which may indicate a link between the two regions. The fauna obtained at the northern study sites (ca. 68°S, Adelaide Island, Marguerite Bay) closely matches that described previously. However, in contrast with widely described patterns of decreasing diversity in other Antarctic biota, species richness increased markedly at locations on Alexander Island (ca. 72°S), including a substantial element of undescribed species (50% of taxa across all locations, 40% of taxa found on Alexander Island). Finally, the most southerly samples obtained, from inland nunataks in Ellsworth Land (75-77°S), indicate a fauna that does not include nematodes, which is exceptional not only in an Antarctic context but also for soils worldwide.     

喀斯特山区耕地时空演变与影响因子分析

喀斯特山区因其耕地资源特殊性使得社会经济发展限制因素尤为突出，厘清其演变规律对区域社会-经济-生态的可持续发展具有重要影响。该研究以贵州省耕地为研究对象，结合GIS空间分析功能，采用核密度、Lorenz曲线和地理探测器等方法对2000、2005、2010、2015、2018年共5期耕地数据的空间分布和时空演变进行深度探究。结果表明：贵州省耕地"西北多、东南少"，空间非均衡分布，省会周围、生态脆弱敏感区及喀斯特地貌发育区域耕地总量较少；耕地分布呈现空间正相关性，高-高聚类区域自然条件比较相似，低-低聚类区域大多为典型的喀斯特地貌或其他生态敏感脆弱区；时间尺度上耕地总量和密度均在2005年出现递减拐点，2000-2018年以地类转出为主，主要流向为林地、草地和建设用地，动态变化程度随时间推移愈加强烈，到末期稍减；空间尺度上各期耕地增减都较为均衡，面积的减少量稳定，增加量则由高值骤降至低值，并在低值处趋于稳定；地理探测显示影响贵州省耕地空间分布的主要因子为人口、GDP，次要因子为路网密度、平均坡度，其中社会经济因素影响力大于自然因素。     

固体栽培基质研究、开发现状及发展趋势

随着无土栽培和穴盘育苗技术的广泛应用，固体基质的需求量日益增大，基质市场迅速壮大，栽培基质的开发和应用已成为重要的研究领域。该文在分析栽培基质应用和市场前景的基础上，综述了国内外栽培基质材料开发、基质合成、性状研究与改良的现状，及已取得的主要成果和存在的问题，指出了栽培基质今后的发展趋势。     

不同利用方式下红壤坡地土壤水分时空动态变化规律研究

利用连续3年土壤水分定位观测数据，研究了红壤坡地不同利用方式下土壤水分的时空动态变化规律。结果表明：土壤水分时空动态变化主要受降雨和植被类型的影响。土壤水分季节变化分为相对稳定期、消耗期和补给期三个时段；土壤剖面（0～90cm）水分含量从表层到深层表现为增长型，依据2003年土壤水分标准差和变异系数。将土壤剖面划分为活跃层、次活跃层和相对稳定层3个层次；土壤剖面水分变异系数随降雨量和土层深度的增加而减小，随植被根系的增长而变大。平水年，深根系区与浅根系区土壤水分变化差异表现在30cm深度以下，而丰水年其差异主要表现在土壤表层（0～30cm）；无论平水年还是丰水年，深根系区土壤水分变幅均比浅根系区大。