酶法提取豆渣中水溶性膳食纤维工艺研究

以大豆分离蛋白质时所产生的废豆渣为原料,采用酶法提取豆渣中水溶性膳食纤维,以豆渣水溶性膳食纤维得率为指标,考察纤维素酶添加量、溶液p H、酶解次数、酶解温度和酶解时间5个因素,通过单因素试验与均匀设计,确定了制备水溶性膳食纤维的最佳酶解条件,纤维素酶添加量为原料的2%,p H 4.5,酶解温度为51℃,酶解时间为2.0 h。在最佳条件下,水溶性膳食纤维得率可达11.48%,该结果可为豆渣中制备水溶性膳食纤维酶的选择和应用提供参考。     

干旱区红小豆施肥效应研究

应用"3414"试验方案,研究了干旱区红小豆施肥效应和土壤供肥特性,以期为该区红小豆高产高效施肥提供参考依据。结果表明:施肥处理的红小豆产量高于不施肥处理,以N_2P_1K_1处理的红小豆产量和产投比最高。钾肥对红小豆的增产率最大,为13.7%~16.9%;其次是氮肥,增产率为6.1%~12.1%;最后是磷肥,增产率为0.6%~6.4%,即对红小豆产量影响的大小顺序为钾、氮、磷。由红小豆肥料效应方程可知,达到最高产量的N、P_2O_5、K_2O平均施肥量分别为98.5、109.0、97.5 kg/hm~2,产量为1 320 kg/hm~2,产投比为8.8;达到最佳产量的N、P_2O_5、K_2O平均施肥量分别为86.4、110.8、95.8 kg/hm~2,产量为1 302 kg/hm~2,产投比为9.0。此外,红小豆施肥试验期间,土壤地力贡献率为81.1%,土壤肥力中等,施肥效果明显。     

壳寡糖对妊娠后期母猪免疫功能和仔猪初生重的影响

[目的]研究饲粮中添加壳寡糖对妊娠后期母猪免疫功能和仔猪初生重的影响,并探讨壳寡糖的适宜添加量。[方法]选择健康的、体重和预产期相近的四胎次"长×大"母猪35头,随机分为5组,每组7个重复,每个重复1头母猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮(不添加壳寡糖),试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ在基础饲粮中分别添加壳寡糖30、90、270和810 g/t。试验从母猪妊娠85 d开始,至产仔结束。[结果]饲粮中添加壳寡糖对仔猪初生重、母猪血清白介素2(IL-2)浓度和补体C3蛋白浓度均无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮添加不同水平的壳寡糖显著提高母猪血清中溶菌酶的浓度(P0.05)。饲粮中添加不同水平的壳寡糖显著提高母猪血清猪瘟抗体sIgA的浓度(P0.05),而试验组Ⅰ和Ⅱ初乳中猪瘟抗体sIgA浓度无显著差异(P0.05),试验组Ⅲ和Ⅳ初乳母源猪瘟抗体sIgA浓度显著提高(P0.05)。[结论]妊娠后期母猪饲粮中壳寡糖的适宜添加量为270 g/t。     

红小豆主要农艺性状的灰色关联与相关性分析

为了探索红小豆主要农艺性状与产量性状间的相关性,采用灰色关联和相关性分析的方法,对13个红小豆品种的11个主要农艺性状进行了研究。结果表明,11个农艺性状的变异系数为33.56%～2.37%,变异系数最大的为分枝数,最小的为生育期;灰色关联分析表明单株荚数、分枝数和生育期与单株产量关联度较高;相关分析表明单株荚数与单株产量呈显著的正相关。在红小豆辐射诱变高产突变体的选择中,首先应该把单株荚数作为选育的重点标识性状。     

不同播期夏播小豆产量性能动态指标与光温水效应

为探讨光、温、水等气象因子对夏播小豆产量的影响,达到合理利用气象资源、进一步挖掘小豆增产潜力的目的,以中晚熟小豆品种花小豆(V1)和中早熟品系德红5261(V2)为材料,设T1(6月17日)、T2(6月22日)、T3(6月27日)、T4(7月2日)和T5(7月7日)5个播期,形成不同的光、温、水生长环境,对夏播小豆产量...     

Ulva (Enteromorpha) Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides: A Potential Functional Food Source from Green-Tide-Forming Macroalgae

The high-valued utilization of Ulva (previously known as Enteromorpha) bioresources has drawn increasing attention due to the periodic blooms of world-wide green tide. The polysaccharide is the main functional component of Ulva and exhibits various physiological activities. The Ulva oligosaccharide as the degradation product of polysaccharide not only possesses some obvious activities, but also possesses excellent solubility and bioavailability. Both Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides hold promising potential in the food industry as new functional foods or food additives. Studies on Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are increasing and have been the focus of the marine bioresources field. However, the comprehensive review of this topic is still rare and do not cover the recent advances of the structure, isolation, preparation, activity and applications of Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. This review systematically summarizes and discusses the recent advances of chemical composition, extraction, purification, structure, and activity of Ulva polysaccharides as well as oligosaccharides. In addition, the potential applications as new functional food and food additives have also been considered, and these will definitely expand the applications of Ulva oligosaccharides in the food and medical fields.     

蚕豆黄化卷叶病的药剂防治

喷药治蚜防病试验中,溴氰菊酯和久效磷对豆蚜(Aphis craccivora)的防效分别达到96.7%和67.1%。两次和三次施用溴氰菊酯的防病效果分别达到84.1%和86.1%,蚕豆产量分别比未施药对照增产17.7%和21.9%。施药也影响蚕豆黄化卷叶病的时间分布型,三次施药小区的病株始终为泊松分布,病害没有再次扩散;未施药小区早春病株就出现负二项分布,越冬前病害已经扩散。豆蚜蚜害率与蚕豆黄化卷叶病发病率密切相关。     

Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on weed seedbank size and composition

Size and composition of the weed seedbank was assessed after 12 years of application of four tillage systems in two crop rotations. Mouldboard and chisel ploughing at 45 cm, minimum tillage at 15 cm and no tillage were compared in continuous winter wheat and a pigeon bean/winter wheat 2-year rotation. Weed control was based upon post-emergence herbicide application. Weed seedling emergence from soil samples taken at 0–15, 15–30 and 30–45 cm depths was assessed in a non-heated glasshouse for 12 months. The tillage system influenced weed seedbank size and composition to a much greater extent than crop rotation. Total weed seedling density was higher in no tillage, minimum tillage and chisel ploughing plots in the 0–15, 15–30 and 30–45 cm layers respectively. Density in the whole (0–45 cm) layer did not differ significantly among tillage systems. With no tillage, more than 60% of the total seedlings emerged from the surface layer, compared with an average 43% in the other tillage systems. Crop rotation did not influence either weed seedbank size or seedling distribution among soil layers, and only had a small influence on major species abundance. The weed seedbank was dominated (>66%) by Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. and Amaranthus retroflexus (L.), which thrived in chisel ploughing and no tillage respectively. Results suggested that crop rotation and substitution of mouldboard ploughing by non-inversion tillage (especially by minimum tillage) would not result in increased weed problems, whereas use of no tillage might increase weed infestations because of higher seedling recruitment from the topsoil.     

Relation between cropping frequency of peas and other legumes and foot and root rot in peas

The relation between the frequency of legume crops in a rotation and the root rot severity in pea was examined in a field survey. Additionally, greenhouse experiments were performed with soil samples from legume rotation trials or from farmers' fields. The frequency of pea crops in current rotations proved to be much less than the recommended value of one in six years. The correlation between pea root rot and the number of years that pea or other legumes were not grown on the field under consideration (called crop interval) was weak. Root rot severity correlated better with the frequency of peas or legumes in general over a period of 18 years, but the frequency still explained only a minor fraction of the variation in disease index. Some experimental data pointed to the occurrence of a highly specific pathogen microflora with continuous cropping of only one legume species, but this phenomenon probably does not occur in farmers' fields. In field samples, root disease index for pea correlated well with that for field bean. The survival of resting structures of pathogens such asAphanomyces euteiches probably explains why the frequency of legume cropping has a higher impact than crop interval on root disease incidence. Pea-free periods and legume frequencies have a poor predictive value for crop management purposes.     

Flowering-pattern and yield components at inflorescence nodes of snap bean as affected by irrigation and plant density

This paper reports the results of a 2 × 2 factorial experiment on bush snap beans ‘Oregon 1604’. The treatments were 2 contrasted irrigation regimes and 2 contrasted plant densities, and were applied in 1978 and repeated in 1979. Data were collected on the number of flowers and pods, and pod size, at each node of the terminal inflorescence (6-T) of the main stem, and at each node of the oldest inflorescence (2-A) at Node 2. High and low plant densities were 45 and 18 plants m^?2 in 1978 and 54 and 33 plants m^?2 in 1979. High temperatures, frequently above 32°C, prevailed during bloom and pod development in 1978, but for the most part occurred only during the week prior to bloom in 1979. Inflorescences 6-T and 2-A usually formed 4 and 3 RN's, respectively, in 1978 and 3 and 2 RN's in 1979. The flowers at the proximal nodes of each inflorescence all opened within a few days of one another (duration of flowering at proximal nodes between 3 and 5 days); the flowering-periods of adjacent nodes overlapped, and the flowering period increased acropetally within the inflorescence (duration of flowering at distal nodes between 7 and 13 days). In general, number of flowers, pods formed, pods harvested and percent set decreased acropetally within each inflorescence. The rate of acropetal decline was lessened by high irrigation or low plant density. In both years, high irrigation increased the percent set of all RN's of the 2-A inflorescences, but few other consistent effects between years were observed. The 2 most proximal RN's together produced 93% or more of the yield of each inflorescence. High irrigation significantly increased the total number of pods harvested from these RN's of inflorescences 6-T and 2-A, and low density had a similar effect on 2-A.